SC-Monsanto Technology Vs Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd

 Section 3(j) Patents Act and Biotech Inventions

Introduction

The intersection of biotechnology, intellectual property, and agriculture often leads to complex legal battles that affect farmers, seed companies, and innovators alike. The Supreme Court’s 2019 judgment in Monsanto Technology LLC v. Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd. is a landmark case that addressed these tensions in the context of genetically modified cotton seeds. 

At its heart, the dispute involved a powerful multinational company’s patented technology for insect-resistant cotton and Indian seed companies’ rights to use and develop varieties based on that technology. The ruling is significant for agribusinesses, patent holders, farmers, and policymakers as it clarifies the scope of patent protection for biological inventions while emphasizing procedural fairness in complex patent suits. It highlights how Indian law balances innovation incentives with public interest in food security and farmer rights, influencing future biotech patent litigation and licensing practices across the country.

Factual and Procedural Background

Monsanto held a patent (No. 214436) for a technology involving Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes that make cotton plants resistant to certain pests. Under this technology, they developed a man-made DNA construct inserted into cotton plants.

In 2004, Monsanto entered into a sub-licence agreement with Nuziveedu Seeds and others, allowing them to develop genetically modified hybrid cotton planting seeds using the patented technology for an initial period of ten years, extendable by mutual consent. The agreement required the licensees to pay a licence fee or trait value.

Disputes arose over payment of these fees, especially after government price controls on seeds. Monsanto terminated the agreement on 14 November 2015. They then filed a commercial suit seeking injunctions to stop the defendants from using their registered trademarks and patented technology.

The defendants argued that their activities were protected under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act). They also filed a counter-claim seeking revocation of the patent, claiming it violated Section 3(j) of the Patents Act, 1970, which excludes patents for plants, animals, or essentially biological processes.

The Single Judge, while deciding the interim injunction application under Order 39 Rules 1 and 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, directed both parties to continue fulfilling their obligations under the sub-licence agreement during the pendency of the suit. The termination was held prima facie unjustified due to statutory price restrictions.

Both sides appealed to the Division Bench of the High Court. The Division Bench dismissed Monsanto’s appeal, upheld the defendants’ contention regarding patent exclusion under Section 3(j), and allowed the counter-claim in part. It permitted the suit to continue only for damages and other reliefs while requiring continued adherence to the sub-licence terms.

Aggrieved, Monsanto approached the Supreme Court.

Dispute Before the Court

The core issues were whether the Division Bench was justified in summarily deciding the complex questions of patent validity and revocation at the interim stage, and whether the interim injunction granted by the Single Judge was appropriate.

Monsanto argued that their patent covered a man-made DNA construct (not a plant or natural product) that conferred insect resistance when inserted into cotton plants. They contended that the High Court wrongly examined the counter-claim without full evidence and expert testimony. They sought restoration of the Single Judge’s order directing parties to abide by the sub-licence agreement.

The defendants maintained that the patent claims related to plants and essentially biological processes, which are not patentable under Section 3(j) of the Patents Act. They argued their rights were protected under the PPVFR Act and that they had not infringed any valid patent.

Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The Supreme Court emphasized that patent suits, especially those involving biotechnology, raise complicated mixed questions of law and facts that require proper evidence, including expert opinions. It referred to Section 64 of the Patents Act, which allows revocation through a counter-claim, but stressed that such decisions cannot be made summarily without following due process under the Code of Civil Procedure.

The Court noted that the Single Judge had correctly limited the interim order to maintaining the status quo under the sub-licence agreement pending full trial. Issues like patentability under Section 3(j), the nature of the DNA construct, and whether it constituted an essentially biological process needed detailed examination at the final hearing with expert evidence.

The Supreme Court found that the Division Bench had erred by usurping the Single Judge’s role and deciding the counter-claim in a summary manner based on limited material. It cited Alka Gupta v. Narender Kumar Gupta (2010) 10 SCC 141 to underline that civil suits must follow proper procedure, including framing of issues and evidence, rather than shortcuts.

While acknowledging the technical complexity involving chemical processes, DNA sequences, and plant traits, the Court left all questions of fact and law open for decision in the suit. It clarified that the interim relief granted by the Single Judge was balanced and did not require interference.

The judgment also touched upon the interplay between the Patents Act and the PPVFR Act but did not delve deeply into it at this stage, as the matter required full trial.

Final Decision of the Court

The Supreme Court allowed the appeals in part. It set aside the Division Bench’s order and restored the Single Judge’s interim order dated 28 March 2017. The suit was remanded to the Single Judge for disposal in accordance with law after full trial. The Court expected the parties to cooperate for an early decision given the importance of the issues. All other questions were left open.

Point of Law Settled

This judgment reinforces that complex patent disputes, particularly those involving biotechnology and Section 3(j) exclusions, cannot be decided summarily at the interim injunction stage without proper evidence and expert testimony. It upholds the need for procedural fairness under the Code of Civil Procedure even in high-stakes IP matters. The ruling is likely to guide future cases by ensuring that patent validity and revocation claims receive full adjudication, while allowing interim arrangements to maintain commercial relationships during litigation. It promotes a balanced approach protecting innovation while safeguarding due process in India’s evolving biotech sector.

Title of the Case: Monsanto Technology LLC and Ors. Vs. Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd. and Ors.  

Date of Judgment/Order:08 January 2019  

Case Number: Civil Appeal Nos. 4616-4617 of 2018 

Citation:AIR 2019 SC 559  

Name of Court:Supreme Court of India  

Name of Hon'ble Judge:Rohinton Fali Nariman and Navin Sinha, JJ.

Written By:Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer: Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgement and that the same are for illustrative purpose only. Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.

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1. Supreme Court Remands Monsanto Bt Cotton Patent Case: Key Takeaways on Patent Validity  

2. Section 3(j) Patents Act and Biotech Inventions: Monsanto v Nuziveedu Explained  

3. Interim Injunction in Complex Patent Suits: Supreme Court Guidelines 2019  

4. Monsanto Nuziveedu Judgment: Balancing Innovation and Farmers Rights in India  

5. Patent Revocation Through Counter Claim: Procedure Under Section 64 Patents Act  

6. Bt Cotton Technology Dispute: Supreme Court on Summary Adjudication  

7. PPVFR Act vs Patents Act: Interplay in Genetically Modified Seeds Case  

8. Supreme Court Restores Interim Relief in Monsanto Patent Infringement Suit  

9. Expert Evidence Essential in Biotech Patent Cases: Landmark Ruling Analysis  

10. Monsanto Technology LLC v Nuziveedu Seeds: Comprehensive Patent Law Review  

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**Headnote of the Judgment:**  

In Monsanto Technology LLC v. Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd., the Supreme Court of India set aside the Division Bench order that had summarily decided patent validity issues under Section 3(j) of the Patents Act in a Bt cotton technology dispute. The Court restored the Single Judge’s interim order directing parties to abide by the sub-licence agreement during pendency of the suit and remanded the matter for full trial with expert evidence. It held that complicated patent questions cannot be decided summarily without proper evidence. (Word count: 78)

Jain Shikanji Pvt. Ltd. Vs Satish Kumar

**This is a recent judgment from the Delhi High Court dated 02 July 2026.**

### Case Summary

- **Case Number**: CM(M)-IPD 36/2026 (a petition under Article 227 of the Constitution of India)

- **Parties**: Jain Shikanji Pvt. Ltd. (Petitioner/Defendant in the main suit) vs. Satish Kumar Jain (Respondent/Plaintiff)

- **Judge**: Justice Jyoti Singh

- **Core Issue**: Contempt of court proceedings for willful disobedience of an interim injunction order in a **trademark infringement and passing off** suit involving the mark **"JAIN SHIKANJI"**.

### Background (in simple terms)

The Respondent (Satish Kumar Jain) owns the trademark "JAIN SHIKANJI" and filed a commercial suit against the Petitioner company for trademark infringement and passing off. In November 2022, the Trial Court granted an **interim injunction** restraining the Petitioner from using the mark "JAIN SHIKANJI" or any deceptively similar mark.

The Petitioner (through its Director, Mr. Anubhav Jain) was accused of violating this injunction. The Trial Court found **willful disobedience**, held Mr. Anubhav Jain guilty under **Order XXXIX Rule 2A CPC**, and ordered:

- Attachment of properties for 6 months.

- Civil imprisonment for 8 weeks.

- He was directed to surrender before the court.

Multiple appeals and proceedings followed:

- Division Bench of Delhi High Court upheld the contempt order in September 2025.

- Special Leave Petition (SLP) before the Supreme Court was dismissed as withdrawn.

- Review Petition was also withdrawn.

Despite repeated directions to surrender and appear, Mr. Anubhav Jain allegedly absconded and did not comply. The Trial Court then issued fresh arrest warrants, attachment orders, and imposed exemplary costs of Rs. 5 lakhs via the order dated 01.06.2026.

### What the High Court Decided

The High Court **dismissed the petition** challenging the Trial Court’s order. Key observations:

- Mr. Anubhav Jain showed complete defiance of court orders and made a "mockery of law."

- His unconditional apology was not accepted due to his conduct (absconding, filing false undertakings, continued violation).

- The court upheld the warrants of arrest and attachment of properties.

- However, on a limited prayer by the Petitioner, the **exemplary cost was reduced from Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs. 3 lakhs**, to be paid within two weeks.

### Significance

This judgment reinforces the principle that **willful disobedience of court orders**, especially in intellectual property (trademark) matters, will be dealt with strictly. Courts will not easily accept apologies when there is a pattern of defiance and delay tactics. It also shows that while civil contempt can lead to imprisonment and property attachment, some leniency (like cost reduction) may be shown in exceptional situations.

Introduction

Trademark disputes often involve not just competing business interests but also the authority of courts to enforce their orders. The Delhi High Court’s judgment dated 02 July 2026 in Jain Shikanji Pvt. Ltd. v. Satish Kumar Jain highlights the serious consequences of willfully disobeying court injunctions in intellectual property matters. 

In this case, a company and its director faced contempt proceedings for continuing to use a similar trademark despite a clear injunction. The ruling is significant for businesses, trademark owners, legal practitioners, and litigants as it demonstrates the judiciary’s firm stance against parties who flout court orders through evasion or delay tactics. It serves as a strong reminder that apologies alone may not suffice when there is repeated defiance, while also balancing justice with limited relief in appropriate cases. The decision strengthens the rule of law in commercial and IP litigation.

Factual and Procedural Background

The dispute began when Satish Kumar Jain filed a commercial suit seeking permanent and mandatory injunction against trademark infringement and passing off for his mark “JAIN SHIKANJI / JAIN SHIKANJI PVT. LTD.” Jain Shikanji Pvt. Ltd., incorporated in November 2019, was the defendant in the suit.

On 05 November 2022, the Trial Court (Commercial Court) granted an interim injunction restraining the defendant company from using the mark “JAIN SHIKANJI” or any deceptively similar mark. The defendant’s appeal against this order was dismissed by the High Court on 01 March 2023.

Despite the injunction, the plaintiff alleged continued violation. After issuing a notice and receiving a reply, the plaintiff filed an application under Order XXXIX Rule 2A CPC for contempt. On 03 June 2023, the Trial Court held the company’s Director, Mr. Anubhav Jain, guilty of willful disobedience. It ordered attachment of properties for six months and civil imprisonment for eight weeks, directing him to surrender within 15 days.

The defendant challenged this before the High Court. While an initial stay on surrender was granted, the Division Bench dismissed the appeal on 17 September 2025, upheld the contempt findings, and directed surrender. A Special Leave Petition and Review Petition before the Supreme Court and High Court were withdrawn. 

Mr. Anubhav Jain did not surrender and allegedly remained untraceable. He later filed an application with an unconditional apology affidavit. The Trial Court rejected it on 01 June 2026, issued fresh warrants, and imposed costs of Rs. 5 lakhs. The present petition under Article 227 challenged this order.

Dispute Before the Court

The main issue was whether the Trial Court erred in rejecting the unconditional apology and issuing fresh warrants of arrest, attachment of properties, and costs for continued disobedience. 

The petitioner argued that Mr. Anubhav Jain intended to comply, his non-appearance was unintentional and due to stress, and he should have been allowed to appear via video conferencing. They sought setting aside of the coercive directions and acceptance of the apology.

The respondent contended that the petitioner’s conduct showed deliberate defiance, repeated violations, and attempts to mislead the court. The orders of the Trial Court and Division Bench had already been upheld, leaving no scope for interference.

Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The High Court examined the entire chronology and found no legal or factual infirmity in the impugned order. It relied on the principle that contempt proceedings under Order XXXIX Rule 2A CPC are meant to uphold the dignity of the court and ensure compliance with injunctions, especially in ongoing commercial suits.

The Court noted serious observations from earlier judgments: the defendant had willfully violated the injunction, given false undertakings, and continued business under the disputed mark. Despite multiple opportunities and directions from the Trial Court and Division Bench to surrender and purge the contempt, Mr. Anubhav Jain absconded and failed to appear even when the matter was passed over.

The Court rejected the plea of stress as a valid excuse for non-compliance with judicial orders. It also addressed the video conferencing request, observing that while permissible in normal circumstances, it was not acceptable when higher courts had specifically directed physical surrender to enforce punishment. The petitioner could not selectively choose the mode of appearance while defying the substance of the orders.

The judgment emphasizes that unconditional apologies must be bona fide and backed by genuine remorse and compliance. Here, the conduct showed the opposite—an attitude of defiance. However, considering the petitioner’s request during arguments, the Court exercised discretion to reduce the exemplary costs from Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs. 3 lakhs, payable within two weeks.

Final Decision of the Court

The High Court dismissed the petition under Article 227. It upheld the Trial Court’s order dated 01 June 2026, including fresh warrants of arrest and attachment of properties. The exemplary costs were reduced to Rs. 3 lakhs, to be paid to the respondent within two weeks. The petition and pending application were disposed of accordingly.

Point of Law Settled

This judgment reaffirms that willful disobedience of court orders in trademark and commercial matters attracts strict consequences, including civil imprisonment and property attachment under Order XXXIX Rule 2A CPC. It clarifies that mere filing of an unconditional apology is insufficient if the contemnor shows continued defiance, evasion, or lack of genuine remorse. Courts can reject such apologies and enforce coercive measures. At the same time, it shows limited judicial discretion to modify ancillary directions like costs when parties show willingness to comply at the appellate stage. The ruling will guide future contempt cases, discouraging delay tactics and reinforcing respect for judicial authority in IP litigation.

Title of the Case: Jain Shikanji Pvt. Ltd. Vs Satish Kumar Jain  

Date of Judgment/Order:02 July 2026  

Case Number:CM(M)-IPD 36/2026  

Neutral Citation: 2026:DHC:5323

Name of Court: High Court of Delhi  

Name of Hon'ble Judge: Jyoti Singh, J.

Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer:Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgement and that the same are for illustrative purpose only. Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.

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1. Delhi High Court Upholds Contempt Order in Jain Shikanji Trademark Dispute  

2. Willful Disobedience of Injunction: Key Lessons from Jain Shikanji Judgment  

3. Order XXXIX Rule 2A CPC: Delhi High Court on Unconditional Apology in Contempt  

4. Consequences of Flouting Court Orders in Trademark Cases: 2026 Ruling  

5. Civil Imprisonment and Property Attachment for Trademark Violation Upheld  

6. Article 227 Petition Dismissed: Delhi HC on Defiance of Injunction Orders  

7. Jain Shikanji Pvt Ltd vs Satish Kumar Jain: Contempt and Compliance Explained  

8. When is an Unconditional Apology Not Accepted by Courts? IP Case Analysis  

9. Exemplary Costs Reduced in Contempt Matter: Delhi High Court Balance  

10. Trademark Infringement Contempt: Strict Approach by Delhi High Court  

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**Headnote of the Judgment:**  

In Jain Shikanji Pvt. Ltd. v. Satish Kumar Jain, the Delhi High Court dismissed a petition under Article 227 challenging the Trial Court’s order in contempt proceedings under Order XXXIX Rule 2A CPC. The Court upheld findings of willful disobedience of the trademark injunction order by the petitioner’s Director, Mr. Anubhav Jain, including fresh arrest warrants and property attachment. Noting repeated defiance and lack of genuine remorse, the unconditional apology was rejected. However, exemplary costs were reduced from Rs.5 lakhs to Rs.3 lakhs. The petition was dismissed with the modification on costs. (Word count: 98)

Sulzer Mixpac AG Vs Assistant Controller of Patents

Sulzer Mixpac AG Vs. Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs:01.07.2026:LPA 545/2024:2026:DHC:5166:C Hari Shankar, J.and Om Prakash Shukla, JJ.

The court considered a dispute concerning the patentability of a static mixer invention used for mixing molten polymers. The case arose from the rejection of Patent Application 1329/DEL/2012 by the Assistant Controller on the ground of lack of inventive step over prior art, which was upheld by the Single Judge.

The principal question before the Court was whether the invention involving connection of more than five installation bodies via a common bar element demonstrated an inventive step under Sections 2(1)(j) and 2(1)(ja) of the Patents Act, 1970, and whether the Single Judge erred in its assessment.

After examining the material on record and the submissions of the parties, the Division Bench observed that the claimed feature was obvious from prior art documents, particularly D1 (a patent by the appellant itself), which disclosed multiple installation bodies connected through equivalent elements. The Court held that the invention was a mere modification of known prior art and lacked the required inventive step, rejecting the appellant's reliance on the five-step obviousness test from F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd v. Cipla Ltd as not being mandatory in every case.

Accordingly, the Court dismissed the Letters Patent Appeal and upheld the rejection of the patent application. It also affirmed the maintainability of the LPA against orders under Section 117A(2) of the Patents Act, relying on the Promoshirt SM SA v. Armasuisse precedent.

Disclaimer: Readers are advised not treat this as a substitute for legal advise as it is based on limited information and is intended solely for general informational purposes.

Letters Patent Appeal Maintainability in Patent Cases

Introduction

In the world of innovation and intellectual property, obtaining a patent is often the key to protecting groundbreaking ideas. However, not every new product qualifies as a true invention under Indian law. The Delhi High Court’s recent judgment in Sulzer Mixpac AG v. Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs deals with exactly this challenge. A Swiss company sought a patent for an improved static mixer used in mixing molten polymers, but the authorities rejected it, saying it lacked a real inventive step over existing technologies.

This case is highly relevant for inventors, businesses in manufacturing and engineering, patent attorneys, and the Patent Office. It underscores how courts evaluate obviousness in patent applications and clarifies the limits of what counts as a patentable improvement. For companies investing in research and development, the ruling serves as a reminder that small modifications to known products may not always secure exclusive rights. It promotes a balanced approach that encourages genuine innovation while preventing monopolies on minor tweaks.

Factual and Procedural Background

Sulzer Mixpac AG filed Patent Application 1329/DEL/2012 on 1 May 2012 for an invention titled “Static Mixer.” The device is a plastic static mixer with multiple installation bodies connected by a common bar element, designed to mix fluids efficiently under high pressure in injection molding processes.

The Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs issued a First Examination Report in 2019, followed by a Subsequent Examination Report in February 2021. After considering the applicant’s responses, the Assistant Controller rejected the application on 10 March 2021, primarily on the ground that the invention lacked an inventive step under Sections 2(1)(j) and 2(1)(ja) of the Patents Act, 1970, when compared to prior art documents D1 to D4.

The company challenged this rejection by filing an appeal under Section 117A(2) of the Patents Act before the Delhi High Court. A learned Single Judge dismissed the appeal on 5 April 2024. Aggrieved by this decision, the appellant filed the present Letters Patent Appeal.

Dispute Before the Court

The central question was whether the claimed static mixer involved an inventive step over the existing prior art. The appellant argued that its invention allowed more than five installation bodies to be connected via a single common bar element, providing technical advantages like better mixing, reduced pressure, and greater durability.

The authorities and the prior decisions maintained that this feature was obvious from the cited prior art documents. They contended that connecting multiple installation bodies using common connecting elements or reinforced structures was already known, and the appellant’s version was merely a mechanical equivalent or obvious extension without any surprising technical effect.

Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The Court carefully examined the statutory requirements under the Patents Act, 1970. Section 2(1)(j) defines “invention” as a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application. Section 2(1)(ja) explains that an inventive step means a technical advance or economic significance that makes the invention non-obvious to a person skilled in the art.

The Court reviewed the prior art documents, particularly noting that D1 (a patent by the appellant itself) disclosed arrangements allowing multiple installation bodies, including up to twelve in some embodiments, connected through elements that could be seen as equivalents to a common bar. Other documents showed reinforced strips and connecting mechanisms linking several bodies.

The Division Bench found the Assistant Controller’s analysis sound. It held that the ability to connect more than five installation bodies via a common element was either expressly taught or obvious to a skilled person, especially since the appellant was building on its own earlier inventions. The Court emphasized that patentability requires more than routine modifications; the invention must not be an obvious step for someone familiar with the field.

The Court referred to the five-step approach for assessing obviousness outlined in F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd v. Cipla Ltd (225 (2015) DLT 391 (DB)) but clarified that these steps are guiding principles, not rigid requirements to be followed mechanically in every case. Strict adherence is not mandatory if the facts allow a clear decision on inventiveness.

On the maintainability of the Letters Patent Appeal, the Court relied on the Division Bench decision in Promoshirt SM SA v. Armasuisse (2023 SCC OnLine Del 5531 ). It held that the bar under Section 100A of the Code of Civil Procedure does not apply to appeals from decisions of the Controller of Patents, as the Controller is not a civil court. Thus, the appeal was maintainable.

Overall, the Court concluded that the subject invention was an obvious development from the prior art and did not meet the threshold for patentability.

**Final Decision of the Court**

The Delhi High Court dismissed the Letters Patent Appeal. It upheld the Assistant Controller’s order rejecting the patent application and the Single Judge’s judgment. No relief was granted to the appellant.

Point of Law Settled

This judgment reaffirms that minor improvements or obvious extensions of existing technology, particularly when building on one’s own prior patents, do not qualify for fresh patent protection. It clarifies the application of the inventive step requirement under Sections 2(1)(j) and 2(1)(ja) of the Patents Act and confirms the maintainability of Letters Patent Appeals against orders passed under Section 117A(2). The ruling is likely to guide future patent examinations and appeals, encouraging applicants to demonstrate clear technical advancements rather than incremental changes, thereby strengthening the quality of granted patents in India.

Title of the Case:Sulzer Mixpac AG Vs Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs  

Date of Judgment/Order:01 July 2026  

Case Number:LPA 545/2024  

Neutral Citation:2026:DHC:5166-DB  

Name of Court:High Court of Delhi  

Name of Hon'ble Judge:C. Hari Shankar and Om Prakash Shukla, JJ.

Written By:Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer:Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgement and that the same are for illustrative purpose only. Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.

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2. Inventive Step under Patents Act 1970: Key Takeaways from Sulzer Mixpac Judgment  

3. Letters Patent Appeal Maintainability in Patent Cases: Delhi High Court Ruling  

4. When is an Improvement Not Patentable? Delhi HC Clarifies Obviousness  

5. Static Mixer Patent Rejection Upheld: Lessons for IP Practitioners  

6. Section 2(1)(ja) Patents Act: Delhi High Court on Obviousness in Engineering Inventions  

7. Promoshirt Precedent Applied: LPA Maintainable Against Patent Controller Orders  

8. Sulzer Mixpac AG v Assistant Controller: Comprehensive Analysis of Patent Rejection  

9. Importance of Prior Art in Indian Patent Law: Recent Delhi High Court Decision  

10. Technical Advance vs Obvious Modification: Patent Law Insights from 2026 Judgment  

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**Headnote of the Judgment:**  

In *Sulzer Mixpac AG v. Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs*, the Delhi High Court dismissed LPA 545/2024 challenging the rejection of Patent Application 1329/DEL/2012 for a “Static Mixer.” The Court upheld the findings that the invention lacked an inventive step under Sections 2(1)(j) and 2(1)(ja) of the Patents Act, 1970, being obvious over prior art documents. It also affirmed the maintainability of the Letters Patent Appeal. The appeal against the Single Judge’s order was dismissed, reinforcing strict standards for patentability. (Word count: 92)

SC-Mohd. Mehtab Khan Vs Khushnuma Ibrahim Khan

Appellate Court's Interference is permissible only when the trial court’s view is palpably incorrect or untenable not merely because another view is possible

Introduction

Disputes over possession of property often escalate quickly, especially in family matters involving inheritance and shared homes. The Supreme Court’s judgment in Mohd. Mehtab Khan v. Khushnuma Ibrahim Khan addresses a sensitive situation where a widow and her son sought urgent court help to regain possession of a flat and office after the sudden death of the family head. The case highlights the delicate balance courts must strike when granting interim relief in summary proceedings under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963. 

This ruling is significant for litigants, lawyers, and property owners because it reinforces limits on appellate interference in discretionary orders and clarifies when mandatory interim injunctions—orders requiring positive action like handing over possession—should be granted. It serves as a practical guide for families, businesses, and authorities dealing with urgent possession disputes, emphasizing judicial restraint to prevent premature decisions that could prejudice the final trial outcome. The decision promotes fairness by protecting the trial court’s role while ensuring justice is not delayed indefinitely.

Factual and Procedural Background

The dispute arose after the death of Ibrahim Khan in early December 2011. His third wife, Khushnuma Ibrahim Khan, and their son claimed they were residing in a flat at Noor-e-Jahan Complex, Kurla (West), Mumbai, and using an office at Big 3 Building, Marine Lines, Mumbai. According to them, these properties belonged to Ibrahim Khan, with the flat gifted to the wife and a power of attorney for the office.

While in Delhi for a wedding, Ibrahim Khan suffered a brain haemorrhage and passed away on 1 December 2011. The family took his body to Bhagalpur, Bihar, for last rites. Upon returning to Mumbai, the plaintiffs alleged that certain relatives had forcibly taken possession of the flat and office by changing locks. They lodged a police complaint and filed a suit under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, seeking to recover possession.

The trial court appointed a Court Receiver who inspected the premises and took formal possession of the flat. After considering detailed documents and pleadings from both sides, the trial court refused the plaintiffs’ request for interim mandatory relief to be put back in possession, citing inconsistencies in their case.

Aggrieved, the plaintiffs appealed to the Bombay High Court. The appellate bench reversed the trial court’s order and directed the Receiver to hand over possession to the plaintiffs as agents of the Receiver. This led to the appeal before the Supreme Court.

Dispute Before the Court

The core issue was whether the plaintiffs were entitled to immediate interim mandatory relief restoring possession pending the final decision in the suit under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act. The plaintiffs argued they had been in lawful possession of the properties until illegally dispossessed shortly after Ibrahim Khan’s death and needed urgent court intervention to prevent irreparable harm.

The defendants, including sons from other marriages and other relatives, contended that the plaintiffs had separated from the deceased years earlier and were not in possession of the suit properties at the relevant time. They presented their own set of documents to support their claim of inheritance and continued occupation.

The key factual question was whether the plaintiffs had established a strong enough case of recent dispossession to justify a mandatory interim order. Legally, the matter turned on the scope of appellate interference with a trial court’s discretionary refusal of interim relief and the high threshold required for granting mandatory injunctions.

Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The Supreme Court carefully examined the principles governing interim relief in suits under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act, which provides a summary remedy for recovery of possession when a person is dispossessed without consent within six months. The Court noted that such proceedings focus only on possession, not title or better rights.

The Court emphasized that granting mandatory interim relief—requiring a party to hand over possession—is rare and demands a much higher degree of satisfaction than prohibitory injunctions. It drew guidance from established principles requiring the plaintiff to show a strong case, risk of irreparable injury, and balance of convenience.

A major part of the reasoning dealt with the limits of appellate interference in discretionary orders. The Court held that an appellate court should not substitute its own view merely because it might have reached a different conclusion. Interference is justified only if the trial court’s exercise of discretion is palpably incorrect, arbitrary, or untenable. As long as the trial court’s view is a possible one based on the material, the appellate court should refrain from interfering.

The Court relied on several key precedents. It followed Wander Ltd. v. Antox India (P) Ltd., 1990 Supp SCC 727, which laid down principles for appeals against discretionary orders on interim injunctions. It applied Dorab Cawasji Warden v. Coomi Sorab Warden, (1990) 2 SCC 117, for the stringent standards of mandatory interim injunctions.  The Supreme Court found that the trial court had reasonably considered the documents, noted inconsistencies in the plaintiffs’ version (such as timing of alleged dispossession and addresses in records), and concluded that the entitlement to interim relief was in serious doubt. The High Court had erred by re-appreciating the same evidence and substituting its view. The Court stressed the need for judicial discipline to avoid interim orders that effectively decide the main suit prematurely.

Final Decision of the Court

The Supreme Court allowed the appeal with costs of Rs 50,000. It set aside the High Court’s order granting interim relief and restored the trial court’s order refusing the same. The Court directed expeditious disposal of the main suit, preferably within six months. The costs were to be deposited in the SCBA Lawyers’ Welfare Fund.

Point of Law Settled

This judgment reaffirms that appellate courts must show restraint while reviewing a trial court’s discretionary order on interim injunctions, particularly mandatory ones. Interference is permissible only when the trial court’s view is palpably incorrect or untenable not merely because another view is possible. It clarifies the high threshold for mandatory interim relief in possession suits and underscores the summary nature of Section 6 proceedings. The ruling is likely to reduce frivolous appeals against interim orders, promote faster trial of main suits, and guide lower courts in balancing urgency with fairness in property disputes.

Title of the Case:Mohd. Mehtab Khan and Others v. Khushnuma Ibrahim Khan and Others  

Date of Judgment/Order:January 24, 2013  

Case Number: Civil Appeal No. 678 of 2013  

Citation:(2013) 9 Supreme Court Cases 221  

Name of Court:Supreme Court of India  

Name of Hon'ble Judge: P. Sathasivam and Ranjan Gogoi, JJ.

Written By:Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer: Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgement and that the same are for illustrative purpose only. Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.

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6. Section 6 Specific Relief Act and Interim Relief: Comprehensive Analysis of 2013 SC Case  

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8. Supreme Court Restores Trial Court Order in High-Profile Property Possession Appeal  

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10. How Supreme Court Protects Trial Court Discretion in Urgent Possession Suits  

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**Headnote of the Judgment:**  

In Mohd. Mehtab Khan v. Khushnuma Ibrahim Khan the Supreme Court of India allowed a civil appeal and set aside the Bombay High Court’s order granting interim mandatory relief in a suit under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963. The plaintiffs sought restoration of possession of a flat and office after alleged dispossession following the death of the family head. The trial court refused interim relief citing doubts over the plaintiffs’ case. The Supreme Court held that appellate courts should not interfere with a possible view taken by the trial court on discretionary matters unless it is palpably incorrect. Emphasizing the rare nature of mandatory interim injunctions and principles from *Wander Ltd.* and *Dorab Cawasji Warden*, the Court restored the trial court’s order and directed expeditious disposal of the main suit. (Word count: 138)

SC-Midas Hygiene Industries P. Ltd. and Anr. Vs Sudhir Bhatia

Delay Is No Defence in Dishonest Trademark Adoption

Introduction

The Supreme Court’s decision in Midas Hygiene Industries Pvt. Ltd. v. Sudhir Bhatia & Ors. is a significant ruling in trademark and copyright litigation because it strongly reinforces a familiar but important principle: where infringement or passing off is prima facie shown, an interim injunction should ordinarily follow, and mere delay by the plaintiff is not enough to protect a dishonest defendant. The case is especially relevant to businesses, brand owners, and litigants because it protects goodwill, trade dress, and packaging from imitation at the interim stage, when continued misuse can cause irreversible market harm .

Factual and Procedural Background

The dispute arose out of the use of the mark and packaging associated with insecticides and repellents sold under the expression “Laxman Rekha.” The appellants, Midas Hygiene Industries Pvt. Ltd. and another, filed a suit for passing off and infringement of copyright, along with an application under Order 39 Rules 1 and 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, seeking interim injunction.

The Single Judge of the High Court noted several facts that weighed heavily in favour of the appellants. The respondent had admittedly worked with the appellants before starting his own business. 

The appellants had produced advertisements from at least 1991 showing prior and prominent use of the phrase “Laxman Rekha.” The respondent had not denied the appellants’ assertion in a notice dated 28 February 1992 that the phrase was being used on their product. The appellants also asserted copyright in the packaging containing the words “Laxman Rekha,” and the respondent did not explain why he adopted the expression “Magic Laxman Rekha.” Further, in another suit and in an application before the Trade Mark Registry dated 30 May 1996, the respondent claimed continuous user from 1992 .

On 31 July 2001, the Single Judge granted an interim injunction restraining the respondents, their agents, distributors, and others acting for them from manufacturing or selling insecticides, pesticides, or insect repellent under the name “Laxman Rekha” and from using packaging with a similar colour scheme, get-up, background, and colour combination to that of the appellants’ copyrighted packaging .

The respondents appealed. The Division Bench, while noting the facts recorded by the Single Judge, vacated the injunction by judgment dated 20 September 2001 on the ground that there had been delay and laches in filing the suit. It, however, directed the respondents to file regular accounts of sales in court .

Dispute Before the Court

The core issue before the Supreme Court was whether the Division Bench was right in setting aside the interim injunction merely because the appellants had allegedly delayed filing the suit, despite prima facie materials suggesting prior use, copyright ownership, and dishonest adoption of a similar mark and carton design by the respondents .

The appellants argued that they were prior and prominent users of the mark “Laxman Rekha,” that they had copyright in the relevant packaging, and that the respondents had copied the mark and trade dress after working with them. The respondents relied on delay and laches and contended that this should disentitle the appellants to interlocutory relief .

Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The Supreme Court held that the law was well settled: in cases of infringement of either trademark or copyright, an injunction normally should follow, and mere delay in approaching the court is not enough to defeat such relief . The Court treated the interim stage as one where protection of legal rights and prevention of continued misuse was paramount, especially when the adoption of the mark itself appeared dishonest.

A key factor for the Court was the respondent’s association with the appellants before launching his own business. The Court also relied on the appellants’ advertisements from 1991 showing use of “Laxman Rekha” on their products, together with the registered and renewed copyright in the mark “Laxman Rekha,” effective from 19 November 1991 and renewed on 23 April 1999 . These facts supported the conclusion that the appellants were prior users and had a protectable interest in the mark and packaging.

The Court further observed that the respondent initially used cartons with red, white, and blue colours in 1992, but later changed the carton to look almost identical to that of the appellants. The Court found that no explanation was offered for this change. That silence, combined with the visual similarity of the cartons, created a prima facie indication of dishonest intention to pass off the respondent’s goods as those of the appellants.

The Supreme Court therefore disagreed with the Division Bench’s approach. It held that the Division Bench had erred in vacating the injunction solely on delay and laches, especially when the material on record showed prior use by the appellants and a prima facie dishonest adoption by the respondents . The Court restored the trial court’s injunction and clarified that all observations made by the High Court and the Supreme Court were only prima facie and would not affect the final trial .

The judgment did not rely on an extended chain of precedents in the text provided, but it firmly reiterated the established equitable principle that dishonest imitation receives no indulgence at the interim stage. The Court’s treatment of delay is important because it shows that laches cannot override a strong prima facie case of infringement or passing off, particularly where the defendant’s conduct suggests bad faith .

Final Decision of the Court

The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, set aside the impugned judgment of the Division Bench, and restored the interim injunction granted by the trial court. The Court also clarified that all observations in the judgment were prima facie only and would not influence the final adjudication of the suit. No order as to costs was made .

Point of Law Settled

This judgment reaffirmed that in trademark and copyright infringement cases, interim injunctions should ordinarily be granted when the plaintiff establishes a strong prima facie case, especially where the defendant’s adoption of the mark or packaging appears dishonest. It also clarified that mere delay or laches, by itself, is not enough to deny injunction relief when continued misuse would undermine the plaintiff’s rights and goodwill . The ruling remains widely cited for the proposition that equity does not protect dishonest imitation.

Title of the Case: Midas Hygiene Industries P. Ltd. and Anr. Vs Sudhir Bhatia and Ors.

Date of Judgment/Order: 22.01.2004

Case Number: MANU/SC/0186/2004

Citation: (2004)3SCC90

Name of Court: Supreme Court of India

Name of Hon'ble Judge: S.N. Variava and H.K. Sema, JJ.

Written By:Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer: Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgement and that the same are for illustrative purpose only. Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.

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Supreme Court Reinforces Anti-Copying Standards in Trademark Litigation

Analysis of Midas Hygiene Industries v. Sudhir Bhatia for Trademark Practitioners

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Headnote of the Judgment

Midas Hygiene Industries Pvt. Ltd. v. Sudhir Bhatia & Ors., Supreme Court of India, appeal from High Court order in a suit for passing off and copyright infringement. The Court held that where a prima facie case of infringement and dishonest adoption of a mark is shown, an interim injunction should ordinarily follow. It restored the trial court’s injunction and ruled that mere delay and laches are not enough to deny relief.

Dr. Jeevan Bahadur Samaddar Vs. Govind Charan Samaddar

Dr. Jeevan Bahadur Samaddar Vs. Govind Charan Samaddar & Others: 30.05.2013 :Second Appeal No. 234 of 2010 :  2013:AHC:83009 : Allahabad JC: Hon'ble Judge: Justice Sudhir Agarwal

The Court considered a dispute concerning the proof and evidentiary value of a registered Will and the applicability of the presumption under Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The case arose from competing claims by two brothers over ownership of their deceased father's property on the basis of separate Wills. The principal question before the Court was whether a certified copy of a registered Will could attract the statutory presumption under Section 90 and whether such presumption dispensed with the mandatory proof of execution and attestation required for a Will.

After examining the material on record and the submissions of the parties, court observed that although the period for invoking Section 90 is to be reckoned from the date on which the document is tendered in evidence, the statutory presumption is discretionary and cannot be invoked where the original Will is not produced without satisfying the requirements for leading secondary evidence. The Court further held that even where Section 90 is attracted, it does not dispense with the mandatory requirements of proving a Will under Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 read with Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act. The Court emphasized that registration of a Will by itself does not establish its genuineness.

Accordingly, the Court dismissed the second appeal and affirmed the concurrent findings of the courts below, holding that the plaintiff had failed to prove the alleged Will in accordance with law.

Disclaimer: Readers are advised not treat this as a substitute for legal advise as it is based on limited information and is intended solely for general informational purposes.

Comprehensive Analytical Legal Article

Section 90 Evidence Act period is reckoned from tender in evidence.

Introduction

Disputes relating to Wills frequently arise within families after the death of a property owner. Such disputes often require courts to balance the intention of the deceased with the strict statutory requirements governing the proof of testamentary documents. The present judgment delivered by the Allahabad High Court is an important authority on the manner in which a Will must be proved in a court of law and clarifies the limited scope of the presumption available under Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

The judgment assumes particular significance because it explains that a registered Will does not automatically become genuine merely because it is old or registered. The Court also examined whether a certified copy of a registered Will could enjoy the statutory presumption available to old documents and whether such presumption could replace the mandatory proof required under the law governing Wills. .

Factual and Procedural Background

The dispute arose over ownership of a residential property situated at Bai Ka Bagh, Allahabad, originally owned by Dr. J.N. Samaddar. According to the plaintiff, his father had executed a registered Will dated 16.05.1983, which was registered on 17.05.1983, bequeathing the entire property exclusively in his favour. After the death of Dr. J.N. Samaddar on 07.06.1991, the plaintiff claimed absolute ownership over the property on the strength of the said Will.

The plaintiff alleged that although his brother had initially been permitted to occupy a portion of the property, he subsequently asserted ownership and relied upon another Will allegedly executed by the deceased on 02.12.1990. Consequently, the plaintiff instituted Original Suit No. 166 of 1993 seeking possession of the property, damages and cancellation of the later Will.

The defendants contested the suit and asserted that the deceased had validly executed the subsequent Will dated 02.12.1990 in their favour. They therefore denied the plaintiff's exclusive ownership and opposed the reliefs claimed.

The Trial Court examined both Wills and concluded that neither had been proved in accordance with law. The Court found that the plaintiff had failed to produce the original registered Will, had not examined any attesting witness, and had not otherwise established its execution. Likewise, the defendants also failed to prove the alleged unregistered Will dated 02.12.1990. Consequently, both Wills were declared invalid, and the parties were treated as having equal rights in the property as legal heirs. The plaintiff's claim for exclusive possession and damages was rejected.

The plaintiff preferred Civil Appeal No. 16 of 2008, while the defendants filed cross-objections regarding the findings against their Will. The Lower Appellate Court dismissed both the appeal and the cross-objections, affirming the Trial Court's findings. Aggrieved thereby, the plaintiff approached the Allahabad High Court by filing the present Second Appeal under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

Dispute Before the Court

The principal controversy before the High Court was whether the plaintiff had successfully proved the registered Will dated 16.05.1983 on the basis of a certified copy after alleging that the original had been lost. The Court was also required to determine whether the statutory presumption under Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act, as amended in Uttar Pradesh, could be invoked in respect of such a certified copy and whether the period of twenty years was to be computed from the date of filing of the suit or from the date on which the document was tendered in evidence.

The Court further examined whether the statutory presumption relating to old documents could by itself establish the due execution and attestation of a Will or whether compliance with Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act remained mandatory. The rival contentions therefore centred upon the admissibility of secondary evidence, the scope of statutory presumptions, and the special evidentiary requirements governing testamentary documents.

Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The High Court undertook a detailed examination of the scope and applicability of Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 as amended in the State of Uttar Pradesh. The Court observed that while the general provision under Section 90 permits a presumption regarding documents that are thirty years old, the Uttar Pradesh amendment reduces this period to twenty years. However, the availability of this presumption is not automatic. It remains a matter of judicial discretion, and the Court must be satisfied that the statutory conditions have been fulfilled before extending such benefit. 

One of the principal issues before the Court concerned the point of time from which the statutory period of twenty years is to be calculated. Rejecting the reasoning adopted by the lower appellate court, the High Court held that the relevant date is not the date on which the suit is instituted or the document is filed in court. Instead, the period is to be reckoned from the date on which the document is tendered in evidence and its genuineness becomes the subject matter of proof. While answering this legal question in favour of the plaintiff, the Court clarified that the answer by itself did not establish the validity of the Will because the remaining statutory requirements also had to be satisfied. 

The Court next considered whether a certified copy of the registered Will could attract the statutory presumption under Section 90. It noted that the plaintiff had failed to produce the original Will and merely relied upon a certified copy obtained from the registration authorities. The explanation offered for the non-production of the original document was found to be unconvincing and surrounded by suspicious circumstances. Consequently, the Court held that the plaintiff had failed to establish the foundational facts necessary for leading secondary evidence under Sections 64 and 65 of the Indian Evidence Act. In the absence of compliance with these provisions, the certified copy itself could not be treated as admissible evidence. 

The Court thereafter analysed the distinction between original documents and certified copies in the context of Section 90. It observed that the statutory presumption ordinarily applies only to original documents produced from proper custody. Although the Uttar Pradesh amendment introduced sub-section (2) to Section 90 dealing with certified copies of registered documents, such copies can receive the benefit of the statutory presumption only after they are admitted in evidence in accordance with the law governing secondary evidence. Merely producing a certified copy does not dispense with the foundational requirements prescribed under the Evidence Act. 

While interpreting these provisions, the Court extensively examined earlier judicial precedents. It relied upon the decisions of the Privy Council in Surendra Krishna Roy v. Mirza Mahammad Syed Ali Matwali (AIR 1936 PC 15), Munnalal v. Krishobai (AIR 1947 PC 15), Seetnayya v. Subramanya (AIR 1929 PC 115) and Basant Singh v. Baijnath Prasad  all of which recognised that the statutory presumption concerning old documents primarily applies to original documents and not to certified copies. The Court also referred to the Full Bench decision in Ram Jas v. Surendra Nath (AIR 1980 All 385), which explained the effect of the Uttar Pradesh amendment and clarified the relationship between Sections 90 and 90-A of the Evidence Act. 

The High Court further held that even assuming the statutory presumption under Section 90 could be invoked, such presumption would not eliminate the mandatory legal requirements governing proof of a Will. A Will occupies a unique position in law because it becomes operative only after the death of the testator, who is no longer available to confirm its execution. Consequently, proof of a Will continues to be governed by Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, which require examination of at least one attesting witness wherever possible. The Court observed that registration of a Will merely constitutes one circumstance and does not by itself establish its authenticity or due execution. 

In reaching this conclusion, the Court relied upon several authoritative decisions, including Gopal Das v. Sri Thakurji (AIR 1943 PC 83), H. Venkatachala Iyengar v. B.N. Thimmajamma (AIR 1959 SC 443), and other Supreme Court authorities governing proof of testamentary documents. These decisions consistently hold that the propounder of a Will bears the burden of proving that the document was voluntarily executed by the testator in a sound disposing state of mind and duly attested in accordance with law. Suspicious circumstances surrounding the execution or production of the Will must also be satisfactorily explained before a court can accept its genuineness. 

Applying these settled principles, the Court concluded that the plaintiff had failed to establish the admissibility of the certified copy, had not proved due execution or attestation of the alleged Will, and was therefore not entitled to invoke the statutory presumption under Section 90. The concurrent findings recorded by the Trial Court and the Lower Appellate Court did not suffer from any legal infirmity warranting interference in second appeal.

Final Decision of the Court

The High Court dismissed the Second Appeal and affirmed the judgments of the Trial Court and the Lower Appellate Court. It held that the plaintiff had failed to prove the registered Will dated 16.05.1983 in accordance with the mandatory requirements of law. The certified copy of the alleged Will was held insufficient to establish its execution in the absence of compliance with the provisions governing secondary evidence and proof of testamentary documents.

The Court further held that the statutory presumption under Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act is discretionary and cannot be invoked merely because a document is old. In the case of a Will, compliance with Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act remains indispensable. Since no substantial ground existed for interference under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the appeal was dismissed and the concurrent findings of the courts below were allowed to stand.

Point of Law Settled

The judgment authoritatively clarifies that, for the purpose of Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act, the prescribed period is to be computed from the date on which the document is tendered in evidence and its genuineness becomes the subject of proof. At the same time, the decision makes it equally clear that this principle does not automatically validate an old document or entitle a party to the statutory presumption.

The Court reaffirmed that a certified copy of a registered document cannot ordinarily claim the benefit of Section 90 unless the conditions governing secondary evidence under Sections 64 and 65 of the Evidence Act are first satisfied. Most importantly, the judgment reiterates that proof of a Will is governed by the special requirements contained in Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act. Registration of a Will or the age of the document cannot substitute the mandatory proof of due execution and attestation. This decision therefore reinforces the strict evidentiary standards applicable to testamentary documents and will continue to guide courts in future Will-related disputes.

Title of the Case: Dr. Jeevan Bahadur Samaddar v. Govind Charan Samaddar & Others

Date of Judgment/Order: 30.05.2013

Case Number: Second Appeal No. 234 of 2010

Neutral Citation: 2013:AHC:83009

Name of Court: Allahabad High Court

Name of Hon'ble Judge: Justice Sudhir Agarwal

Written By:Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer: Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgment and are solely for illustrative purposes. Readers are advised not to treat this article as a substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.

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4. Registered Will Does Not Automatically Become Genuine: Allahabad High Court Ruling

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6. When Can Courts Presume an Old Document to be Genuine? Allahabad High Court Clarifies

7. Secondary Evidence and Certified Copies of Wills: Important High Court Decision

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9. Legal Requirements for Proving a Registered Will in India: Complete Case Analysis

10. Allahabad High Court Reiterates Mandatory Proof of Wills Despite Registration

11. Important Property Law Judgment on Competing Wills and Testamentary Succession

12. Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act Explained Through Allahabad High Court Decision

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Headnote of the Judgment

Dr. Jeevan Bahadur Samaddar v. Govind Charan Samaddar & Others, decided by the Allahabad High Court in Second Appeal No. 234 of 2010, concerned rival claims based on two alleged Wills executed by the deceased owner of immovable property. The Court held that although the period under Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act is to be reckoned from the date on which the document is tendered in evidence, a certified copy of a Will cannot automatically attract the statutory presumption unless the requirements governing secondary evidence are satisfied. The Court further reaffirmed that proof of a Will must strictly comply with Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act. The second appeal was accordingly dismissed and the concurrent findings of the courts below were affirmed.

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ITC Limited Vs Adyar Gate Hotels Limited

ITC Limited Vs Adyar Gate Hotels Limited: 01.07.2026: FAO(OS)(COMM) 207/2025:2026:DHC:5165-DB : C. Hari Shankar and Om Prakash Shukla 

The court considered a dispute concerning trademark ownership, passing off, and copyright in the "DAKSHIN/Dakshin" mark for a South Indian restaurant. The case arose from allegations that Adyar Gate Hotels (AGH) continued using the mark after expiry of an Operating Service Agreement with ITC, leading to claims of infringement and passing off. The principal question before the Court was whether AGH could continue using the mark post-OSA expiry and whether Delhi courts had territorial jurisdiction.

Court  observed that the single judge erred in several findings on ownership, goodwill, and jurisdiction. The Court held that ITC retained rights under the OSA, AGH's use post-2015 constituted passing off, and territorial jurisdiction was established through online activities. 

Accordingly, the Court allowed the appeal in part, granted interim injunction against AGH's use of the mark, and directed further proceedings.

[Disclaimer: Readers are advised not treat this as a substitute for legal advise as it is based on limited information and is intended solely for general informational purposes.]

Operating Service Agreements and IP Rights

Introduction

This Delhi High Court Division Bench judgment in the long-standing "DAKSHIN" restaurant battle between ITC Limited and Adyar Gate Hotels Limited clarifies critical principles on trademark licensing, passing off, and territorial jurisdiction in the digital era. The ruling holds significant implications for businesses in hospitality, franchising, and IP owners navigating expired agreements and online presence.

Factual and Procedural Background

In 1985, ITC and Adyar Gate Hotels entered into an Operating Service Agreement for the Welcomgroup Park Sheraton Hotel in Chennai. A South Indian restaurant named Dakshin opened there in 1989. The restaurant operated under the agreement until its expiry in March 2015. ITC claimed ownership of the DAKSHIN trademark, registered in its name, and the artistic logo. After expiry, AGH continued operating the restaurant in the same premises under a new hotel brand (Crowne Plaza) using the same mark without objection until 2023. In 2024, after demolition of the old building, AGH opened a standalone Dakshin restaurant nearby. ITC filed a commercial suit in Delhi seeking injunction against AGH's use of the mark, alleging infringement, passing off, and copyright violation. ITC also sought interim injunction. The single judge dismissed the application, finding no territorial jurisdiction in Delhi and no prima facie case on merits. ITC appealed.

Dispute Before the Court

The core issues were whether Delhi courts had territorial jurisdiction over the dispute and whether ITC could restrain AGH from using the DAKSHIN mark post-OSA expiry on grounds of ownership, passing off, or copyright. ITC argued it owned the mark and goodwill under the OSA, AGH's continued use amounted to passing off, and online activities conferred jurisdiction. AGH contended it co-owned or independently acquired rights, ITC acquiesced, and no cause of action arose in Delhi.

Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The Division Bench reviewed Section 134 of the Trade Marks Act and Section 62 of the Copyright Act for jurisdiction, alongside Section 20 CPC. It relied on Indian Performing Rights Society Ltd. v. Sanjay Dalia (2015) 10 SCC 161 to clarify that special IP provisions provide additional forums but do not allow forum shopping where cause of action arises elsewhere. However, online accessibility and commercial targeting via platforms like Zomato established sufficient nexus in Delhi.

On merits, the Court examined the 1985 OSA clauses, particularly Article XIII on trademarks, holding it vested rights in ITC. Precedents like Wander Ltd. v. Antox 1990 (Supp) SCC 727 guided the interim relief scope. The Bench distinguished AGH's claims of independent conception, finding evidence supported ITC's role and goodwill. Acquiescence was rejected due to lack of dishonest adoption by AGH but overall balance favored ITC. Copyright in the logo was also addressed, with rebuttable presumption under the Copyright Act.

The Court emphasized purposive interpretation favoring the party building brand reputation through continuous use and contractual intent.

Final Decision of the Court

The Division Bench allowed the appeal, set aside the single judge's order dismissing the interim application, granted injunction restraining AGH from using the DAKSHIN mark pending suit disposal, and restored the matter for further proceedings before the single judge.

 Point of Law Settled

The judgment reinforces that in trademark licensing and operating agreements, goodwill and rights often remain with the brand owner (ITC) unless explicitly transferred. It clarifies evolving standards for territorial jurisdiction in IP cases involving e-commerce and online reservations. This will guide future hospitality and franchise disputes, emphasizing contractual interpretation and preventing unjust enrichment post-agreement expiry.

  

Title of the Case: ITC Limited & Anr. vs Adyar Gate Hotels Limited  

Date of Judgment/Order:01.07.2026  

Case Number: FAO(OS)(COMM) 207/2025  

Neutral Citation:2026:DHC:5165-DB  

Name of Court: High Court of Delhi  

Name of Hon'ble Judge: Justice C. Hari Shankar and Om Prakash Shukla

Written By:Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer: Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgement and that the same are for illustrative purpose only. Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.  

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**Headnote of the Judgment:** In FAO(OS)(COMM) 207/2025 before the Delhi High Court, ITC appealed dismissal of its interim injunction application against Adyar Gate Hotels' use of "DAKSHIN" mark post-OSA expiry. The Division Bench allowed the appeal, holding ITC owned the mark and goodwill, AGH's use constituted passing off, and Delhi had jurisdiction via online activities. Interim injunction granted; suit to proceed. (58 words)

**Prompt for Info-graphic 14:9 aspect ratio image:** Create a suitable 3d hyper realistic multicolour 8K Quality Legal info-graphic containing necessary information in graph,chart, tables , Circles , Dashboard etc. The texts be large , bold and 3D Stylish multicolour containing name of case,date of order,case no, name of court, decision and one most important principle of law laid down. Also use generic images for the product or service involved in the matter. Do not use name of any court, lawyer , tricolor, Ashoka Emblem and any other government insignia. At end of this prompt add this sentence also" Use attached image as Image of lawyer in lawyers dress at left bottom corner  which should cover 20 % of entire image area.

Rukhmani Keshwani Vs Raju Agarbatti Works

Rukhmani Keshwani Vs Raju Agarbatti Works:01.07.2026  : FAO (COMM) 99/2024 : 2026:DHC:5232-DB  :C Hari Shankar and Om Prakash Shukla 

The court considered a dispute concerning territorial jurisdiction in a trademark and copyright infringement suit involving agarbatti products. The case arose from allegations that the defendants infringed the plaintiff's "RADHEY KRISHNA" mark and trade dress by using similar marks like "Lucky Radha Krishna" and "Harsh Radha Krishna." The principal question before the Court was whether the Delhi courts had territorial jurisdiction when both parties operated from Rajasthan but engaged in online commercial activities accessible in Delhi.

Court observed that the trial court erred in applying a restrictive view of jurisdiction by over-relying on the place of business and ignoring online evidence. The Court held that interactive e-commerce platforms and purposeful commercial targeting through websites like IndiaMart and Instamojo create a sufficient territorial nexus under Section 20(c) CPC, Section 134 of the Trade Marks Act, and Section 62 of the Copyright Act, emphasizing that digital commerce requires evolving jurisdictional principles beyond traditional physical boundaries.

Accordingly, the Court allowed the appeal, set aside the return of plaint, restored the suit for adjudication on merits, and directed the parties to appear before the trial court.

[Disclaimer: Readers are advised not treat this as a substitute for legal advise as it is based on limited information and is intended solely for general informational purposes.]

Section 134 Trade Marks Act Jurisdiction in Online Sales

 Introduction

In the digital age, where businesses operate across borders through online platforms, determining the right court for intellectual property disputes has become increasingly complex. This Delhi High Court Division Bench decision in a trademark and copyright battle over agarbatti brands highlights how courts are adapting traditional jurisdiction rules to modern e-commerce realities. 

Factual and Procedural Background

The plaintiff, operating Vishwas Agarbatti Store, claimed prior use since 1995 of the "RADHEY KRISHNA" trademark and trade dress for agarbattis. It filed a suit under the Trade Marks Act and Copyright Act alleging that the defendants from Ajmer, Rajasthan, were selling deceptively similar products under names like "Lucky Radha Krishna." The plaintiff sought injunctions and other reliefs. An ex parte interim injunction was granted in January 2022. The defendants challenged territorial jurisdiction, arguing both parties operated from Rajasthan with no cause of action in Delhi. The trial court initially rejected the plaint but the High Court restored the suit in 2023, directing evidence on jurisdiction. After trial, the district judge returned the plaint in March 2024, finding no territorial jurisdiction in Delhi and vacating interim orders. The plaintiff appealed.

Dispute Before the Court

The main question was whether the Shahdara District Court in Delhi had territorial jurisdiction over the IP infringement suit. The plaintiff argued that defendants' IndiaMart listings and her own online sales through Instamojo created a cause of action in Delhi, supported by Sections 134 of the Trade Marks Act and 62 of the Copyright Act. The defendants contended that both parties were based in Rajasthan, no actual sales occurred in Delhi, and the suit amounted to forum shopping. They relied on the Supreme Court's IPRS judgment to argue that jurisdiction should lie where the substantial business and cause of action existed.

 Reasoning and Analysis of the Court

The Division Bench examined Section 20(c) of the CPC, which allows suits where cause of action arises in part, alongside special provisions in Section 134 of the Trade Marks Act and Section 62 of the Copyright Act that provide additional forums for IP owners. The Court referred to the Supreme Court's decision in Indian Performing Rights Society Ltd. v. Sanjay Dalia (2015) 10 Supreme Court Cases 161, clarifying it prevents abuse through distant subordinate offices but does not bar jurisdiction where independent cause of action exists via online activities. Key precedents included Banyan Tree Holding v. A. Murali Krishna Reddy 2009 SCC OnLine Del 3780, World Wrestling Entertainment v. Reshma Collection 2014 (60) PTC 452 (DB), Kohinoor Seed Fields India Pvt. Ltd. v. Veda Seed Sciences Pvt. Ltd. 2025:DHC:10789-DB, and Raju Kumar v. Vinod Sah (15 SLP(C) No.12585/2026).

The Court adopted a purposive approach suited to digital commerce, holding that interactive websites enabling commercial transactions constitute purposeful availment. Evidence of defendants' IndiaMart listings with GST details and plaintiff's deliveries in Delhi established a real nexus. Mere accessibility was not enough, but purposeful targeting through e-commerce satisfied the test. The trial court's restrictive view ignored proven facts and evolving jurisprudence on online infringement.

 Final Decision of the Court

The Division Bench allowed the appeal. It set aside the trial court's order returning the plaint, restored the suit to its original number for adjudication on merits, directed parties to appear before the district judge, and left further proceedings to the trial court.

 Point of Law Settled

The judgment reaffirms and expands principles of territorial jurisdiction in IP disputes involving e-commerce. It clarifies that interactive online platforms and purposeful commercial targeting can create a cause of action under Section 20(c) CPC, read with special IP provisions, even if parties are based elsewhere.

Title of the Case:Rukhmani Keshwani vs Raju Agarbatti Works & Anr.  

Date of Judgment/Order: 01.07.2026  

Case Number:FAO (COMM) 99/2024  

Neutral Citation: 2026:DHC:5232-DB  

Name of Court: High Court of Delhi  

Name of Hon'ble Judge: C Hai Shankar and  Om Prakash Shukla 

Written By:Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

Disclaimer:Images used herein do not reflect actual images used in Judgement and that the same are for illustrative purpose only. Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advice as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.  

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1. Delhi High Court Upholds Jurisdiction in Online Trademark Infringement Case  

2. E-Commerce and Territorial Jurisdiction: Key Delhi HC Ruling on Agarbatti Brands  

3. RADHEY KRISHNA Trademark Dispute: Delhi HC Restores Suit on Online Nexus  

4. Purposeful Availment in Digital IP Cases: Delhi Division Bench Clarifies Law  

5. Section 134 Trade Marks Act Jurisdiction in Online Sales: 2026 Judgment  

6. Delhi High Court on Cause of Action from IndiaMart Listings  

7. Adapting Jurisdiction Rules to E-Commerce: Delhi HC IP Verdict  

8. Forum Shopping vs Online Targeting: Analysis of Rukhmani Keshwani Case  

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10. Territorial Jurisdiction for IP Infringement via Websites: Latest Delhi HC View  

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**Headnote of the Judgment:** In FAO(COMM) 99/2024 before the Delhi High Court, Rukhmani Keshwani appealed return of her plaint in a trademark/copyright suit against Raju Agarbatti Works for "RADHEY KRISHNA" infringement. The Division Bench allowed the appeal, holding Delhi courts have territorial jurisdiction due to defendants' interactive IndiaMart listings and plaintiff's online commercial activities in Delhi, establishing cause of action under relevant IP provisions and CPC. Suit restored for merits adjudication. (62 words)

**Prompt for Info-graphic 14:9 aspect ratio image:** Create a suitable 3d hyper realistic multicolour 8K Quality Legal info-graphic containing necessary information in graph,chart, tables , Circles , Dashboard etc. The texts be large , bold and 3D Stylish multicolour containing name of case,date of order,case no, name of court, decision and one most important principle of law laid down. Also use generic images for the product or service involved in the matter. Do not use name of any court, lawyer , tricolor, Ashoka Emblem and any other government insignia. At end of this prompt add this sentence also" Use attached image as Image of lawyer in lawyers dress at left bottom corner  which should cover 20 % of entire image area.