Mr. Abhimanyu Prakash. Vs Ferrero S.P.A

Ferrero S.P.A filed CS(Comm) 65/2023 against Abhimanyu Prakash and others alleging infringement of registered NUTELLA trademarks including distinctive glass jar shape by manufacturing and selling identical empty jars without authorization leading to ex parte injunction on 06 February 2023 modified 08 February 2023 with local commissioners seizing 305916 jars which appellants consented to make absolute on 12 August 2025.

While single judge on 19 November 2025 summarily decreed suit under Order XIII-A CPC finding appellants knowing first-time infringers awarding costs and directing handover of seized jars to plaintiffs for own use or CSR donation to NGOs feeding poor valuing Rs 62.84 lakhs as deterrent with destruction of other material, prompting IA 30639/2025 for modification dismissed on 08 December 2025. 

Division bench reasoned jars held infringing under findings attained finality entitling registered proprietor to delivery up for destruction under Sections 28(1) and 135(1) Trade Marks Act 1999 without other commercial use though appellants argued ordinary jars usable for honey pickles etc but respondents undertook destruction. Appeal disposed modifying orders to handover jars solely for destruction on 17 January 2026 with appellants' representative present.

Registered proprietor entitled to exclusive use and relief including delivery up of infringing goods for destruction or erasure under Sections 28(1) and 135(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999: Para 18-20.

Infringement findings in summarily decreed suit under Order XIII-A CPC attain finality absent contest beyond limited modification: Para 16-17.

Case Detail:Mr. Abhimanyu Prakash. Vs Ferrero S.P.A:06.01.2026:, Case Number: RFA(OS)(COMM) 1/2026:2026:DHC:92-DB:Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Minco India Vs Minco India Flow

Minco India Private Limited incorporated in 1982 using trademark MINCO INDIA since October 1982 for pressure temperature gauges switches and related goods applied for registration on 5 June 2023 claiming goodwill reputation with certified sales from 1989.

 Discovered in February 2024 that Minco India Flow Elements Private Limited incorporated as Tivim Instruments in 1982 changed name in September 2012 using MINCO for identical goods prompting suit for infringement under Section 29(5) Trade Marks Act 1999 and passing off with interim application for injunction. 

Defendant contended both part of family group GICON founded by Manohar Kulkarni with name change via 2012 resolutions consented by common directors brothers Amarendra and Raghvendra who separated in 2015 per Will with use since 2012 sales over Rs 111 crore raising suppression delay laches acquiescence.

Plaintiff rebutted no consent fraudulent NOC by Raghvendra knowledge only 2024 no acquiescence. 

The court reasoned companies distinct entities statutory scheme recognizes registered proprietor assignment or permitted user not family succession prima facie honest adoption with consent via resolutions not fraudulent suppression of association common directors name change business similarity false knowledge date disentitling equitable relief acquiescence by inactivity despite awareness since 2012/2015 no confusion in niche industrial market no passing off misrepresentation or damage. Interim injunction refused application dismissed.

Legal Point:

Company is distinct artificial person from shareholders/directors immaterial family disputes succession in trademark infringement absent assignment or permitted user under Sections 28 29(5) 38-45 48-49 Trade Marks Act 1999: Para 14, Para 17.

Suppression of material facts false statements on oath about knowledge disentitles discretionary equitable relief in infringement/passing off: Ramjas Foundation v. Union of India, (2010) 14 SCC 38, Para 28; Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Karanveer Singh Chhabra, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 28.

Acquiescence requires positive acts not mere silence sitting by allowing expenditure building trade implying consent complete defense: Power Control Appliances v. Sumeet Machines Pvt Ltd, (1994) 2 SCC 448 Para 26, Para 30.

Balance of convenience against injunction where honest concurrent user delay laches in niche market no confusion: Chemco Plastic Industries Pvt Ltd v. Chemco Plastic, 2023 SCC OnLine Bom 285, Para 29; Midas Hygiene Industries (P) Ltd v. Sudhir Bhatia, (2004) 3 SCC 90, Para 32.

Case Detail:Minco India Private Limited Vs Minco India Flow Elements Private Limited: 06.01.2026: Commercial IP (L) No.12477 of 2024, 2026:BHC-OS:138: Bombay H C: Sharmila U. Deshmukh,H.J.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mayank Jain Vs Atulya Discs Pvt. Ltd

Mayank Jain proprietor of Mahaveer Udyog established in 1997 manufacturing agricultural implements like harrows adopted TIGER GOLD BRAND device mark in May 2010 registering it on 02 February 2023 claiming continuous use goodwill reputation with annual revenue around ₹40 crores and mark-specific ₹2 crores.

 Discovering in October 2024 defendants Atulya Discs Pvt Ltd incorporated 2020 using TIGER PREMIUM BRAND for identical goods via online platforms prompting suit CS(COMM) 412/2025 with IA 11309/2025 under Order XXXIX Rules 1&2 CPC seeking interim injunction for trademark infringement copyright violation passing off after failed mediation notice on 28 August 2025 arguments on 12 November 2025.

The court reasoned that TIGER and BRAND are generic common to trade publici juris non-distinctive under Section 9(1)(a) Trade Marks Act 1999 incapable of monopoly with registration under Section 17 conferring rights only to composite mark as whole not words and rival marks not deceptively similar holistically per anti-dissection rule considering visual phonetic structural differences like PREMIUM vs GOLD hexagonal vs circular frame distinct tiger devices color schemes no likelihood of confusion among farmers thus no infringement passing off or prima facie case. The application was dismissed.

Law Point:

Generic words like 'TIGER' and 'BRAND' are common to trade, publici juris, and non-distinctive under Section 9(1)(a) of Trade Marks Act 1999, precluding monopoly or exclusive rights: Para 8.

Registration of composite device mark grants exclusive rights only to the mark as a whole, not individual non-distinctive components like words, under Section 17 of Trade Marks Act 1999: Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Union of India, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 10.

 Deceptive similarity for infringement assessed by comparing marks holistically without dissection, focusing on overall visual, phonetic, and structural impression to determine likelihood of confusion: Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Union of India, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 9; Kaviraj Pandit Durga Dutt Sharma v. Navaratna Pharmaceutical Laboratories, AIR 1965 SC 980, Para 13.

Case Detail:Mayank Jain Vs Atulya Discs:09.01.2026: CS(COMM) 412/2025:2026:DHC:143: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mankind Pharma Limited Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks

Mankind Pharma Limited a leading pharmaceutical company with extensive KIND family of marks including 65 registrations in Class 31 and well-known MANKIND mark applied for PETKIND trademark in Class 31 on 01 October 2021 for animal foodstuffs and related goods on proposed use basis.

Receiving examination report on 27 October 2021 objecting under Section 11(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999 due to identical prior pending application PETKIND No 4648505 leading to hearing on 06 November 2024 and refusal on same date under Sections 9(1)(a) 9(1)(b) and 11(1) prompting appeal under Section 91. 

The court reasoned that appellant demonstrated prior extensive use of KIND suffix since 1986 acquiring distinctiveness and association exclusively with appellant negating likelihood of confusion under Section 11(1) especially as cited mark was proposed use without evidence of actual adoption while appellant's family marks entitled higher protection and examination report overlooked appellant's prior registrations in same class rendering refusal arbitrary. The appeal was allowed setting aside the impugned order directing advertisement within two months with oppositions to be decided on merits.

Legal Point:

Family of marks with common suffix like 'KIND' acquires distinctiveness through extensive use entitling prior adopter to higher protection against similar marks: Mankind Pharma Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 2015 SCC OnLine Del 6914, Para 14.

Likelihood of confusion under Section 11(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999 is fact-specific requiring evidence and not presumption considering nature of goods purchaser class and prior user's reputation: Manu Garg & Ratan Behari Agrawal v. Registrar of Trade Marks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 581, Para 12; Lite Bite Travel Foods (P) Ltd. v. Registrar of Trademarks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 296, Para 13.

Case Title:Mankind Pharma Limited Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks:09.01.2026: C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 13/2025 :2026:DHC:145:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Maj (Retd.) Sukesh Behl Vs Koninklijke Philips

Koninklijke Philips NV filed CS(Comm) 423/2016, 499/2018 and 519/2018 against Maj (Retd) Sukesh Behl of Pearl Engineering, Surinder Kumar Wadhwa and G S Kohli alleging infringement of SEP IN 218255 on EFM+ coding method for converting information words to modulated signal essential for DVD replication seeking injunction damages and costs but patent expired rendering injunction infructuous.

So single judge on 20 February 2025 found infringement validity FRAND royalty US$0.03 per DVD estimated stampers from Moser Baer and DVDs replicated awarding damages ₹6.225 crore plus ₹1 crore additional to Pearl ₹1.6185 crore plus ₹1 crore to Wadhwa ₹12.4325 crore plus ₹1 crore to Kohli with 12% interest.

Prompting appeals RFA(OS)(Comm) 8/12/13/14/2025 with stay applications. 

The division bench reasoned under Lifestyle Equities that money decrees stayed unconditionally only if perverse illegal or untenable finding no issue with infringement validity FRAND rate or stampers but estimation of 10000 DVDs per stamper and total DVDs presumptive without basis facially untenable meriting stay on bank guarantee not deposit. 

The applications were allowed directing unconditional irrevocable auto-renewal bank guarantee for principal damages within eight weeks staying execution till further orders listing appeals for 15 January 2026.

Legal Point:

Stay of execution of money decree under Order XLI Rule 5 CPC may be granted unconditionally if impugned judgment egregiously perverse, riddled with patent illegalities or facially untenable, departing from normal rule against staying money decrees: Lifestyle Equities C.V. v. Amazon Technologies Inc, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 2153; Para 20.3.

Damages in patent infringement cannot be computed based on mere presumption or hypothetical estimates without evidential foundation: Para 19.3.2.9, Para 20.6.

Case Title:Maj (Retd.) Sukesh Behl  Vs Koninklijke Philips NV:05.01.2026:: RFA(OS)(COMM) 8/2025:2026:DHC:5- DB:Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Living Media India Limited Vs Zee Media Corporation Limited

Living Media India Limited part of India Today Group launched Hindi news segment Duniyadari under device mark with globe sky clouds and landmarks on The Lallantop platform on 05 March 2020 registering the label mark in classes 16 35 and 41 on 16 February 2023 claiming extensive viewership and goodwill.

While Zee Media Corporation Limited launched similar Punjabi segment Duniyadari in October 2024 on Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal channel with similar logo.

Prompting plaintiff to file CS(COMM) 826/2025 with IA 19596/2025 under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 CPC seeking ex parte ad interim injunction against infringement passing off and copyright violation. 

The court reasoned that Duniyadari word is suggestive not descriptive of news services but lacks acquired distinctiveness for independent protection under anti-dissection rule requiring holistic view of composite mark yet defendant's impugned mark is deceptively similar overall due to common elements like globe flags color scheme creating confusion for same services channels and consumers though defendant can use word without similar visuals. The application was disposed restraining defendant from using deceptively similar mark but clarifying no exclusivity on word alone.

Legal Point:

Suggestive marks not descriptive require evidence of acquired distinctiveness or secondary meaning for protection as independent word mark when part of composite device: Yatra Online Ltd. v. Google LLC, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2947, Para 22; Para 21.

Registered composite labels protected holistically under anti-dissection rule without monopoly on individual elements like words absent distinctiveness: United Biotech Pvt. Ltd. v. Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 2012 SCC OnLine Del 2802, Para 18; South India Beverages Pvt. Ltd. v. General Mills Marketing Inc., 2014 SCC OnLine Del 1953, Para 19.

Deceptive similarity for infringement and passing off assessed by overall impression including visual phonetic structural aspects for identical services and consumers: Cadila Health Care Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 73, Para 29; Para 30

Plaintiff cannot approbate and reprobate by distinguishing mark for registration then claiming exclusivity on element: Raman Kwatra v. KEI Industries Ltd., 2023 SCC OnLine SC 38, Para 26; Para 27.

Case Detail:Living Media India Limited Vs Zee Media Corporation Limited:09.01.2026: CS(COMM) 826/2025:2026:DHC:141: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Kapil Goyal Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks

Kapil Goyal engaged in trading rice flour and cereal preparations filed trademark application No 5987240 for DOUBLE-CHOICE in Class 30 on proposed-to-be-used basis on 20 June 2023 which faced objections under Sections 9(1)(a) and 9(1)(b) of Trade Marks Act 1999 in examination report dated 6 November 2023 for lacking distinctive character and being descriptive, replied on 12 November 2023, heard on 12 November 2024 and refused by impugned order dated 24 January 2025 on grounds of non-distinctiveness descriptiveness and lack of secondary meaning, leading to appeal under Section 91. The court reasoned that the impugned order violated natural justice by lacking detailed reasoning on why the mark as a whole is non-distinctive or directly descriptive rather than suggestive requiring imagination, erroneously demanded acquired distinctiveness for proposed use rendering Section 18(1) meaningless, and based descriptiveness on conjectural variety/choice without evidence while marks must be assessed holistically not dissected with direct not remote reference to goods characteristics. The appeal was allowed setting aside the impugned order directing advertisement and further proceedings.

- Orders refusing trademark registration must contain reasoned findings explaining why the mark lacks distinctiveness or is descriptive: Abu Dhabi Global Market v. Registrar of Trademarks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2947, Para 7.

- Applications on proposed-to-be-used basis under Section 18(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999 cannot require evidence of acquired distinctiveness or secondary meaning: Abu Dhabi Global Market v. Registrar of Trademarks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2947, Para 8.

- A mark is descriptive under Section 9(1)(b) only if it directly and immediately references characteristics of goods, not remotely or requiring multiple mental steps: Mohd. Rafiq v. Modi Sugar Mills Ltd., 1971 SCC OnLine Del 190, Para 11.

- Trademarks must be examined as a whole without dissecting into components for distinctiveness under Section 9(1)(a): Para 22.

Kapil Goyal Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks, Order date: 09 January 2026, Case Number: C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 15/2025, Neutral Citation: N/A, Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Holy Cow Foundation Vs Patanjali Gramodyog Nyas

Holy Cow Foundation, an NGO promoting cow welfare, developed GAUNYLE cow urine-based floor cleaner in 2013 and registered the trademark in Class 05 in 2015 claiming user since 2013.

Discovering Patanjali Gramodyog Nyas using similar PATANJALI GONYLE FLOOR CLEANER registered in 2016 claiming user from 2015.

Prompting a 2017 cease and desist notice met with reply asserting use since 2011 and phonetic differences, leading to rectification petition under Section 57 of Trade Marks Act 1999 seeking cancellation on grounds of deceptive similarity under Sections 9(2)(a) and 11(1)(a) and prior use. 

The court reasoned that petitioner failed to prove prior use due to fabricated invoices with chronological inconsistencies while respondents' 2008 user claim stood unrefuted, marks not confusingly similar holistically given prominent well-known PATANJALI house mark distinguishing them despite phonetic resemblance and slightly differing goods descriptions reducing confusion risk, with no mala fide shown and prior registration favoring respondents. The petition was dismissed upholding the registration.

Legal Point:

Prior adoption and user must be substantiated with consistent, reliable documentary evidence; inconsistencies render evidence inadmissible and undermine the claim: Para 18.

Presence of a well-known house mark serves as a distinguishing factor reducing likelihood of confusion even in phonetically similar marks: Cadila Health Care Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 73, Para 24; Para 22.

Trade mark similarity assessed holistically considering visual, phonetic, conceptual aspects and overall impression, not isolated elements: Cadila Health Care Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 73, Para 25.

Rectification under Section 57 read with Sections 9(2)(a) and 11(1)(a) requires proof of deceptive similarity causing public confusion, absent which registration subsists: Para 26, Para 29.

Case Detail:Holy Cow Foundation Vs Patanjali Gramodyog Nyas:09.01.2026:, Case Number: C.O. (COMM.IPD-TM) 85/2021:2026:DHC:146: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Gaurav Garg Vs Aly Morani

Gaurav Garg collaborated with Aly Morani and Mohomed Morani in 2008 for Cineyug Films Pvt. Ltd. events creating Cineyug Signature division where he served as Vice President from March 2008 to October 2009 conceptualizing IPL Awards in June 2008 preparing presentations and pitching to IPL officials leading to deferral and his relocation to Delhi in June 2009 with MOU on 05.08.2009 acknowledging contribution and promising credit and remuneration.

But in April 2010 defendants announced event without credit prompting cease and desist and denial claiming plaintiff was employee with no rights.

So plaintiff filed CS(COMM) 200/2018 seeking injunction under Section 57 Copyright Act 1957 punitive damages and accounts with issues framed on 26.04.2012 and plaintiff's evidence closed on 02.05.2019 after delays upheld on appeals. 

The court reasoned plaintiff failed to prove authorship as employee under Section 17(c) vesting copyright in employer absent contrary agreement without producing original work or completing cross-examination rendering documents unproved thus not entitled to special rights under Section 57 or revenue sharing under unproved MOU pertaining to another event with no infringement established. The suit was dismissed without costs.

Legal Point:

Copyright in work created during employment vests in employer under Section 17(c) of Copyright Act 1957 absent contrary agreement, precluding employee's claim to authorship or special rights: Para 31, Para 39.

Non-completion of cross-examination renders evidence inadmissible and unproved: Vidhyadhar v. Manikrao, (1999) 3 SCC 573, Para 27; G. Balaji v. Saravanasamy, 2020 SCC OnLine Mad 9030, Para 27.

Directors not personally liable without specific allegations or privity of contract: Para 14.

Case Title:Gaurav Garg Vs Aly Morani:09.01.2026: CS(COMM) 200/2018:2026:DHC:139:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

E.R.Squibb & Sons LLC Vs. Union of India

E.R.Squibb & Sons LLC and Ono Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., holders of Indian Patent IN340060 granted on 31.01.2023 for human monoclonal antibodies to Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) for cancer treatment originating from PCT application filed 02.05.2006, faced post-grant opposition under Section 25(2) of Patents Act 1970 by Zydus Healthcare Limited alleging lack of novelty, inventive step, sufficiency and clarity, leading to Opposition Board's recommendation dated 31.01.2023 favoring revocation without considering patentees' evidence like affidavits from experts Dr. Fife, Sarah Roques, Dr. Feltquate and Dr. Mark or deciding maintainability of opponent's rejoinder under Rules 57-60 of Patents Rules 2003. 

Patentees filed writ petition under Article 226 seeking certiorarified mandamus to quash the recommendation and direct reissuance after proper consideration. 

The court reasoned that the Board's recommendation is merely advisory and not final as per Cipla v. Union of India, patentees can raise all objections including non-consideration of evidence during hearing before Controller under Rule 62 where Controller may accept, reject or reconstitute Board, no prejudice is caused since appeal lies under Section 117A against final order, and thus premature interference is unwarranted rendering the petition not maintainable. The writ petition was dismissed without costs.

Law Point:

Recommendation of Opposition Board under Section 25(3) of Patents Act 1970 is advisory in nature and not a final decision amenable to direct writ challenge, as parties can raise objections during hearing before Controller under Rule 62 of Patents Rules 2003: Cipla Ltd. v. Union of India, (2012) 13 SCC 641, Para 6; Para 30.

Controller must consider all evidence and documents under Rules 57-60 before final decision, but non-consideration by Board does not vitiate process if addressed in hearing, with appeal available under Section 117A: Para 28, Para 30.

Writ petition challenging Opposition Board's recommendation prematurely is not maintainable when statutory remedies like hearing and appeal exist: Para 31.

Case Title:E.R.Squibb & Sons LLC Vs. Union of India:05.01.2026:W.P. No.8451 of 2023: High Court of Judicature at Madras, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice N. Senthilkumar.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Automat Irrigation Pvt. Ltd. Vs Aquestia Limited

Aquestia Limited filed a patent infringement suit CS (Comm) 860/2024 against Automat Irrigation Pvt. Ltd. alleging that the latter's Hydromat Valve infringed its Indian Patent IN 427050 for a fluid control valve featuring an asymmetric diaphragm and longer inlet path, and obtained an ex parte interim injunction from the Single Judge on 1 August 2025 who limited analysis to the "characterized in that" portion of Claim 1 and found infringement based on asymmetric diaphragm and differential surface areas while ignoring differences in sealing bridge curvature and inlet/outlet path lengths. 

Automat appealed, arguing fundamental differences in technology with its curved sealing bridge along the flow axis and symmetric diaphragm with equal path lengths.

The Division Bench reasoned that the Single Judge erred in principle by not construing the claim holistically as required under Indian patent law without special weight to "characterized" portion unlike UK regulations, failing to address equal inlet/outlet paths in appellant's product contrary to suit patent's core feature of longer inlet path, and conflating diaphragm asymmetry with sealing bridge curvature on perpendicular axes. 

The court stayed the impugned judgment ad interim pending appeal, finding prima facie errors justifying interference under Wander principles, issued notice returnable on 9 February 2026, and directed filings for potential final disposal.

Law Point:

Patent claims must be construed in their entirety without restricting analysis to the portion following "characterized in that", as Indian Patents Act and Rules lack any such provision unlike UK Implementing Regulation 29(1): Biswanath Prasad Radhey Shyam v. Hindustan Metal Industries, (1979) 2 SCC 511, Para 13; distinguished Guala Closures SPA v. AGI Greenpac Ltd, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 3510, Para 10; Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v. Premium Aircraft Interiors UK Ltd, [2009] EWCA Civ 1062, Para 9.

Infringement requires comparing the accused product with the entire claim, including essential features like differing lengths of inlet and outlet flow paths which form the basis of the patented technology: Para 7, Para 10.

Distinction must be maintained between asymmetry of the diaphragm (along flow axis) and curvature of the sealing bridge (perpendicular vs. along flow direction), as conflation ignores fundamental technological differences: Para 11, Para 13.

Appellate courts should not interfere with discretionary interim injunctions in IP matters unless exercised arbitrarily, capriciously, or ignoring settled principles: Wander Ltd v. Antox India P. Ltd, 1990 Supp SCC 727, Para 5; Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Karanveer Singh Chhabra, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 6.

Case Title:Automat Irrigation Pvt. Ltd. Vs Aquestia Limited: 05.01.2026: FAO(OS) (COMM) 123/2025 :2026:DHC:3-DB:  Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft

In 1979, Austrian company Samperit Aktiengesellschaft , holder of registered Indian trademark "Matador" for combs manufactured in Austria, sued Indian manufacturer Synthetic Moulders for using the identical mark "Matador" on combs produced locally since 1966. 

The trial court granted temporary injunction against the defendant restraining use of the mark. 

On appeal, the Delhi High Court set aside the interim injunction, holding that while the plaintiff had exclusive rights under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, grant of temporary injunction is equitable and governed by Order 39 CPC principles of prima facie case, balance of convenience, and irreparable injury rather than automatically following statutory rights. 

The Court found no real deception or confusion likely due to the common, low-value nature of combs where purchase decisions depend on look and feel rather than brand name, the plaintiff's products being banned from import since 1954 and virtually unknown in India, potential total damage to defendant's established business if injunction continued, absence of substantial damage to plaintiff from continued use, and unexplained delay by plaintiff in challenging the use from 1966 until 1978. 

Law Point:

Registration under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 grants exclusive right to use the registered trademark, but temporary injunction is an equitable remedy governed by Order 39 CPC principles (prima facie case, balance of convenience, irreparable injury) and not automatically granted merely on proof of statutory rights. (Para 1–2)

Balance of convenience for temporary injunction requires weighing relative damage if injunction is granted but plaintiff ultimately fails (potential total loss to defendant using mark since long) against damage to plaintiff if refused (minimal where plaintiff's goods banned from import since 1954 and unknown in market), per Kerley on Trade Marks (10th Ed., para 15.65). (Para 3)

For common, low-value, everyday articles like combs purchased based on look, feel and quality rather than brand name, deception or confusion is unlikely where foreign plaintiff's mark is virtually unknown in India due to import ban, unlike special/high-value goods from renowned makers. (Para 4)

Unexplained long delay by plaintiff in challenging defendant's use (from 1966 to 1978) weakens case for interim relief. (Para 5)

Observations on balance of convenience and delay for temporary injunction do not influence final decision on permanent injunction in the pending suit on merits. (Para 6)

Case Title: Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft:22.10.1979:First Appeal No. 66 of 1979:(1979) 10 DEL CK 0025; (1980) RLR 263:Delhi High Court:V.S. Deshpande

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft

In 1979, Austrian company Samperit Aktiengesellschaft (respondent/plaintiff), holder of registered Indian trademark "Matador" for combs manufactured in Austria, sued Indian manufacturer Synthetic Moulders (appellant/defendant) for using the identical mark "Matador" on combs produced locally since 1966. The trial court granted temporary injunction against the defendant restraining use of the mark. On appeal, the Delhi High Court set aside the interim injunction, holding that while the plaintiff had exclusive rights under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, grant of temporary injunction is equitable and governed by Order 39 CPC principles of prima facie case, balance of convenience, and irreparable injury rather than automatically following statutory rights. The Court found no real deception or confusion likely due to the common, low-value nature of combs where purchase decisions depend on look and feel rather than brand name, the plaintiff's products being banned from import since 1954 and virtually unknown in India, potential total damage to defendant's established business if injunction continued, absence of substantial damage to plaintiff from continued use, and unexplained delay by plaintiff in challenging the use from 1966 until 1978. The observations were limited to interim stage and not to bind the final decision on merits for permanent injunction.

Crisp bullet points of law settled in the case

Registration under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 grants exclusive right to use the registered trademark, but temporary injunction is an equitable remedy governed by Order 39 CPC principles (prima facie case, balance of convenience, irreparable injury) and not automatically granted merely on proof of statutory rights. (Para 1–2)

Balance of convenience for temporary injunction requires weighing relative damage if injunction is granted but plaintiff ultimately fails (potential total loss to defendant using mark since long) against damage to plaintiff if refused (minimal where plaintiff's goods banned from import since 1954 and unknown in market), per Kerley on Trade Marks (10th Ed., para 15.65). (Para 3)

For common, low-value, everyday articles like combs purchased based on look, feel and quality rather than brand name, deception or confusion is unlikely where foreign plaintiff's mark is virtually unknown in India due to import ban, unlike special/high-value goods from renowned makers. (Para 4)

Unexplained long delay by plaintiff in challenging defendant's use (from 1966 to 1978) weakens case for interim relief. (Para 5)

Observations on balance of convenience and delay for temporary injunction do not influence final decision on permanent injunction in the pending suit on merits. (Para 6)

Case Title: Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft

Order date: October 22, 1979

Case Number: First Appeal No. 66 of 1979

Neutral Citation: (1979) 10 DEL CK 0025; (1980) RLR 263

Name of court: Delhi High Court

Name of Judge: V.S. Deshpande, C.J. (Single Bench, though appeal heard as full appeal)

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Vs Ashok Kumar

Actor Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Jr (popularly known as Jr NTR), a renowned Telugu film star with decades of successful career, multiple awards, massive public goodwill, trademark registrations in names like 'NTR', 'Jr. NTR' and 'Man of Masses', and high brand value, filed a commercial suit in Delhi High Court against John Doe and various online sellers, e-commerce platforms and intermediaries alleging unauthorised commercial exploitation of his personality and publicity rights through sale of infringing merchandise (T-shirts, posters, mugs etc.) bearing his name, image, likeness and sobriquets, as well as potential AI-generated content, causing confusion, deception and irreparable harm.

The Court granted exemptions from pre-institution mediation, Section 80 notice to proforma defendants, and allowed additional documents; registered the suit, issued summons to infringing defendants, and passed an ex-parte ad-interim injunction on 22 December 2025 restraining all defendants (including unknown persons) from violating the plaintiff's personality rights by any direct/indirect commercial use of his name, styles, photographs or creating/sharing any products/merchandise via any technology (including AI and GIFs) without consent, directing specific takedowns of listed infringing URLs within 72 hours, restraining e-commerce platforms from facilitating such sales, permitting Google to reindex non-removed URLs on non-compliance, and directing intermediaries to treat additional URLs as complaints under IT Rules 2021; 

The Court also called for replies from major platforms on their complaint-handling policies regarding trademark/copyright/image misuse.

Crisp bullet points of law settled in the case

A celebrity's name, image, likeness and associated attributes (including registered trademarks and well-known sobriquets like 'Man of Masses') that have acquired substantial goodwill and distinctiveness through professional achievements, awards and brand endorsements constitute protectable personality and publicity rights, granting proprietary control against unauthorised commercial exploitation by third parties, particularly for merchandise sales. (Para 26–30)

Reliance: D.M. Entertainment Vs. Baby Gift House, MANU/DE/2043/2010; Anil Kapoor Vs. Simply Life India & Ors., 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914 (Para 38–40); Jaikishan Kaku Bhai Sarf Alias Jackie Shroff Vs. The Peppy Store and Ors., 2024 SCC OnLine Del 3664.

Prima facie case, balance of convenience and irreparable injury are satisfied where continued availability of infringing merchandise exploiting a celebrity's personality rights causes deception, economic loss and reputational harm, warranting ex-parte ad-interim injunction and John Doe directions. (Para 31–32)

Case Title: Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Vs Ashok Kumar: 22.12.2025: CS(COMM) 1305/2025: Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Kenvue Brands LLC Vs RSPL Limited

Kenvue Brands LLC and its Indian affiliate JNTL Consumer Health Pvt. Ltd. filed a patent infringement suit against RSPL Limited, alleging that the defendant's Pro-ease Go sanitary napkin variants infringe their patent IN 339964 valid until 2035 for Stayfree products, seeking permanent injunction and damages under the Patents Act 1970 after learning of the products in February 2025 with widespread sales by October 2025.

Procedurally, the court granted exemption from pre-institution mediation citing urgency for interim relief, allowed leave under Order II Rule 2 CPC to add claims and parties, registered the plaint as a suit, issued summons accepted by defendant, directed filing of written statement within 30 days with admission/denial affidavits, permitted additional documents, and accepted notice on the interim injunction application under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 CPC. Plaintiffs submitted arguments on infringement supported by a technical expert affidavit mapping claims, while defendant countered with no prima facie infringement, balance of convenience in their favor due to investments, patent vulnerability to invalidity challenges for lack of novelty and inventive step, adoption of only public domain features, and doubts on the expert affidavit's genuineness as it was signed the same day as the plaint on December 12, 2025.

The court reasoned that the cause of action arose in February 2025 yet suit was filed late, and the same-day execution of plaint and expert affidavit raised serious authenticity doubts on infringement claims, thus requiring further consideration after defendant's reply rather than granting immediate ad-interim relief, directing reply within three weeks, rejoinder within one week, and listing the application for hearing on January 19, 2026.

Law Point:

An expert affidavit signed and executed on the same date as the plaint raises serious doubts about its authenticity and the averments therein for establishing patent infringement, warranting opportunity for defendant to file reply before considering ad-interim injunction (Para 21).

Case Title: Kenvue Brands LLC Vs RSPL Limited:22.12.2025:CS(COMM) 1363/2025:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

HT Media Ltd Vs . Pooja Sharma

HT Media Ltd, owner of well-known trademarks like HINDUSTAN TIMES, HT, and associated logos since 1924 with extensive media presence, filed a 2022 suit against Pooja Sharma and unknown defendants for trademark infringement, passing off, and unfair competition through fraudulent domains such as htmediajobs.com imitating their official site and content to deceive the public into paying for fake job opportunities, advertisements, or services into unrelated bank accounts. As part of a batch of suits tackling cyber fraud via anonymous infringing domains with privacy protections, proceedings from 2022-2025 included ex-parte interim injunctions under I.A. 612/2022 suspending domains and extended, impleading DNRs like GoDaddy, registries like Verisign, entities including ICANN, MeitY, DoT, MHA, RBI, NPCI, IBA, NIXI, Delhi Police, Bharti Airtel; hearings gathered affidavits, investigation status reports with FIRs and chargesheets, CEIB SOPs in May 2024 for bank-LEA collaboration, RBI's December 2024 beneficiary name lookup mandate, grievance officer designations, and consultations; judgment reserved May 31, 2025. The court reasoned that domain names embody the online identity of businesses requiring protection from goodwill dilution and consumer fraud; dissected the ICANN framework imposing verification, anti-abuse, disclosure, and compliance obligations on DNRs and registries; highlighted gaps in KYC processes, default privacy aiding anonymity and fraud, due diligence shortcomings endangering IT Act s.79 safe harbour, and the need to balance privacy under DPDP Act with third-party rights; underscored dynamic/dynamic+ injunctions against rogue domains and non-compliance meriting IT Act s.69A blocks due to public order threats from pervasive scams; addressed payment discrepancies and enforcement aids. The court issued directives to DNRs/registries for opt-in privacy only, 72-hour disclosures, permanent blocks, prohibitions on alternatives for well-known marks, local grievance officers, e-KYC verifications, TMCH implementation, data sharing; to government for unified frameworks, nodal repositories, TMCH facilitation, lists of well-known marks/sites; parameters for dynamic+ injunctions covering variations; to banks for name lookup and SOP adherence; granted summary judgment under Order XIII-A CPC/IPD Rules r.27 with permanent/dynamic+ injunction restraining infringement/passing off, compulsory permanent blocks/takedowns by registries/DNRs/DoT/MeitY/ISPs/search engines, domain transfers upon payment, complete disclosures, no damages sought, disposing applications.

- Domain Name Registrars (DNRs) and Registry Operators are obligated under ICANN agreements to verify registrant details, investigate inaccuracies/abuse, provide WHOIS/RDDS access, comply with court orders, and prevent registrations violating third-party rights, with failure risking termination or safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 261-262, 272.

- Privacy protect shall not be default/opt-out; offered only on opt-in as paid value-added service separate from registration package: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(i).

- DNRs must disclose specified registrant/admin/tech/payment/hosting details to legitimate interests/LEAs/courts within 72 hours under Intermediary Guidelines 2021: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ii).

- Infringing domains adjudged illegitimate shall be permanently blocked by registries/DNRs, not re-registered or pooled: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iii).

- For well-known/invented marks with reputation in India, injunctions bar alternative domains/extensions/mirrors/alphanumerics: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iv).

- DNRs shall not promote/suggest alternatives to injuncted domains, else lose safe harbour: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(v).

- For descriptive/generic marks, injunctions specific but extendable via Joint Registrar intervention: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vi).

- Injuncted domains transferable to TM owner on usual charges: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vii).

- No promotion/optimization services by search engines/DNRs to infringing domains: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(viii).

- All DNRs in India to appoint local Grievance Officers within one month, publish contacts: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ix).

- Email service on Grievance Officer sufficient; insistence on MLAT/other modes deems non-compliant: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(x).

- Courts may direct MeitY/DoT to block non-compliant DNRs/services under IT Act s.69A for public order: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 277(A)(xi), (B)(c).

- Registries to implement Trademark Clearinghouse for all brands: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xii).

- DNRs in India to verify registrant details via e-KYC per CERT-In circular, periodically: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiii).

- DNRs under NIXI to provide registration data monthly: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiv).

- Government to consult on NIXI-like framework, nominate nodal data repository, enable TMCH, publish well-known marks/websites list: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(B), (xvi).

- Dynamic+ injunction applies to exact marks, prefix/suffix/alphanumeric variations; legitimate registrants may seek court order: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(C)(xvii).

- Banks to mandatorily implement Beneficiary Name Lookup per RBI circular and abide by CEIB SOP for LEAs: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(D).

Case Title: HT Media Ltd Vs . Pooja Sharma & Ors.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS (COMM) 26/2022 & I.As.612/2022  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Justice Prathiba M. Singh  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. Vs. www.xiaomi-india.xyz

Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited, Indian arm of Chinese multinational with trademarks XIAOMI, MI, REDMI, POCO since 2010 and billions in sales, along with Super Cassettes Industries Pvt Ltd, filed 2019 suit against unknown defendants for trademark infringement, passing off, and dilution via fraudulent domains like xiaomi-india.xyz copying their websites, logos, content to scam public for jobs, dealerships, payments into unrelated accounts. As batch matter on domain-based cyber frauds, proceedings 2019-2025 involved ex-parte injunctions in December 2019 suspending domains and extended, impleading DNRs like GoDaddy, registries Verisign, entities ICANN, MeitY, DoT, MHA, RBI, NPCI, IBA, NIXI, Delhi Police; multiple hearings with affidavits, status reports on investigations including FIRs/chargesheets, CEIB SOPs May 2024 for bank-LEA aid, RBI December 2024 mandating beneficiary name lookup, grievance officer appointments, stakeholder meetings; reserved May 31, 2025. Court reasoned domain names as online business essence require safeguards against goodwill erosion and deception; analyzed ICANN ecosystem duties on DNRs/registries for verification, abuse prevention, disclosure, order adherence; identified lapses in KYC, default privacy enabling anonymity/fraud, intermediary diligence failures risking IT Act s.79 safe harbour, privacy balanced with rights under DPDP Act; stressed dynamic/dynamic+ injunctions for rogue sites, non-compliance justifying IT Act s.69A blocks for public order disruptions from mass frauds; addressed payment mismatches, LEA cooperation. Issued directions to DNRs/registries for opt-in privacy, 72-hour disclosures, permanent blocks, no alternatives for well-known marks, India grievance officers, e-KYC, TMCH, monthly data to NIXI; government for NIXI-like framework, nodal repository, TMCH enablement, well-known marks/websites list; dynamic+ criteria for variations; banks for name lookup/SOP compliance; granted summary adjudication under Order XIII-A CPC/IPD Rules r.27 with permanent/dynamic+ injunction restraining use/passing off, mandatory permanent blocks/takedowns by registries/DNRs/DoT/MeitY/ISPs/social media/search engines, domain transfers to plaintiffs on fees, full disclosures, no damages as not claimed, disposed pending IAs including impleadment.

- Domain Name Registrars (DNRs) and Registry Operators are obligated under ICANN agreements to verify registrant details, investigate inaccuracies/abuse, provide WHOIS/RDDS access, comply with court orders, and prevent registrations violating third-party rights, with failure risking termination or safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 261-262, 272.

- Privacy protect shall not be default/opt-out; offered only on opt-in as paid value-added service separate from registration package: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(i).

- DNRs must disclose specified registrant/admin/tech/payment/hosting details to legitimate interests/LEAs/courts within 72 hours under Intermediary Guidelines 2021: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(ii).

- Infringing domains adjudged illegitimate shall be permanently blocked by registries/DNRs, not re-registered or pooled: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(iii).

- For well-known/invented marks with reputation in India, injunctions bar alternative domains/extensions/mirrors/alphanumerics: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(iv).

- DNRs shall not promote/suggest alternatives to injuncted domains, else lose safe harbour: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(v).

- For descriptive/generic marks, injunctions specific but extendable via Joint Registrar intervention: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(vi).

- Injuncted domains transferable to TM owner on usual charges: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(vii).

- No promotion/optimization services by search engines/DNRs to infringing domains: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(viii).

- All DNRs in India to appoint local Grievance Officers within one month, publish contacts: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(ix).

- Email service on Grievance Officer sufficient; insistence on MLAT/other modes deems non-compliant: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(x).

- Courts may direct MeitY/DoT to block non-compliant DNRs/services under IT Act s.69A for public order: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 283(A)(xi), (B)(c).

- Registries to implement Trademark Clearinghouse for all brands: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(xii).

- DNRs in India to verify registrant details via e-KYC per CERT-In circular, periodically: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(xiii).

- DNRs under NIXI to provide registration data monthly: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(xiv).

- Government to consult on NIXI-like framework, nominate nodal data repository, enable TMCH, publish well-known marks/websites list: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(B), (xvi).

- Dynamic+ injunction applies to exact marks, prefix/suffix/alphanumeric variations; legitimate registrants may seek court order: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(C)(xvii).

- Banks to mandatorily implement Beneficiary Name Lookup per RBI circular and abide by CEIB SOP for LEAs: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(D).

Case Title: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. Vs. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS (COMM) 700/2019 & I.A. 17945/2019  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Justice Prathiba M. Singh  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Tata Sky Limited Vs S G Enterprises

Tata Sky Limited, a joint venture between Tata Sons and 21st Century Fox providing DTH services under the well-known trademark "TATA SKY" since 2006 with over 17 million subscribers, filed this 2019 suit against unknown defendants for trademark infringement, passing off, and unfair competition via fraudulent domains like tataskysales.com and tataskychennai.com mimicking their site, logo, and content to defraud public by soliciting payments for connections, recharges, jobs into unrelated accounts. As part of a batch of suits addressing cyber fraud through infringing domains registered anonymously with privacy shields, proceedings from 2019-2025 involved ex-parte interim injunctions in January 2019 suspending domains and extended, impleading DNRs like GoDaddy, registries like Verisign and Registry Services LLC, entities including ICANN, MeitY, DoT, MHA, RBI, NPCI, IBA, NIXI, Delhi Police; hearings elicited affidavits, status reports on investigations with FIRs and chargesheets in some cases, CEIB SOPs for bank-LEA cooperation in May 2024, RBI mandating beneficiary name lookup in December 2024, grievance officer appointments, stakeholder consultations; judgment reserved May 31, 2025. The court reasoned domain names constitute the online soul of businesses necessitating safeguards against goodwill erosion and deception; examined ICANN-governed domain system imposing verification, anti-abuse, disclosure, compliance duties on DNRs/registries; noted deficiencies in KYC, default privacy facilitating fraud, due diligence lapses risking IT Act s.79 safe harbour, privacy balanced with rights under DPDP Act; highlighted dynamic/dynamic+ injunctions for rogue sites, non-compliance justifying IT Act s.69A blocks for public order impacts from widespread frauds; addressed payment mismatches and LEA aid. The court issued directions to DNRs/registries for opt-in privacy, 72-hour disclosures, permanent blocks, no alternatives for well-known marks, local officers, e-KYC, TMCH, data sharing; to government for frameworks, repositories, lists; dynamic+ criteria; to banks for name lookup and SOPs; for this suit, granted permanent/dynamic+ injunction restraining use/passing off, mandatory blocks/takedowns by registries/DNRs/DoT/MeitY/ISPs/search engines, domain transfers, full disclosures, suit decreed via summary judgment under Order XIII-A CPC/IPD Rules r.27 without damages, list for further proceedings January 28, 2026.

- Domain Name Registrars (DNRs) and Registry Operators are obligated under ICANN agreements to verify registrant details, investigate inaccuracies/abuse, provide WHOIS/RDDS access, comply with court orders, and prevent registrations violating third-party rights, with failure risking termination or safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 261-262, 272.

- Privacy protect shall not be default/opt-out; offered only on opt-in as paid value-added service separate from registration package: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(i).

- DNRs must disclose specified registrant/admin/tech/payment/hosting details to legitimate interests/LEAs/courts within 72 hours under Intermediary Guidelines 2021: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(ii).

- Infringing domains adjudged illegitimate shall be permanently blocked by registries/DNRs, not re-registered or pooled: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(iii).

- For well-known/invented marks with reputation in India, injunctions bar alternative domains/extensions/mirrors/alphanumerics: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(iv).

- DNRs shall not promote/suggest alternatives to injuncted domains, else lose safe harbour: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(v).

- For descriptive/generic marks, injunctions specific but extendable via Joint Registrar intervention: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(vi).

- Injuncted domains transferable to TM owner on usual charges: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(vii).

- No promotion/optimization services by search engines/DNRs to infringing domains: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(viii).

- All DNRs in India to appoint local Grievance Officers within one month, publish contacts: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(ix).

- Email service on Grievance Officer sufficient; insistence on MLAT/other modes deems non-compliant: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(x).

- Courts may direct MeitY/DoT to block non-compliant DNRs/services under IT Act s.69A for public order: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 279(A)(xi), (B)(c).

- Registries to implement Trademark Clearinghouse for all brands: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(xii).

- DNRs in India to verify registrant details via e-KYC per CERT-In circular, periodically: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(xiii).

- DNRs under NIXI to provide registration data monthly: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(A)(xiv).

- Government to consult on NIXI-like framework, nominate nodal data repository, enable TMCH, publish well-known marks/websites list: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(B), (xvi).

- Dynamic+ injunction applies to exact marks, prefix/suffix/alphanumeric variations; legitimate registrants may seek court order: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(C)(xvii).

- Banks to mandatorily implement Beneficiary Name Lookup per RBI circular and abide by CEIB SOP for LEAs: Tata Sky Limited v. S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors., CS(COMM) 20/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 279(D).

Case Title: Tata Sky Limited Vs S G Enterprises – Tata Sky Sales and Services and Ors.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS (COMM) 20/2019 & I.A. 561/2019  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Justice Prathiba M. Singh  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Amitoje India Pvt Ltd Vs Classic Display Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Amitoje India Pvt Ltd, authorized to manufacture and sell, and Ravinder Kaur, sole proprietor of patentee M/s Amitoje India, filed a 2024 suit against Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd for infringing patent IN 533643 granted April 18, 2024 with priority October 17, 2018 for a foldable product display unit featuring tandem-moving shelves via connecting means and side panels folding sideways in the same direction, seeking permanent injunction against defendant's identical units; defendant filed counterclaim challenging validity on grounds including lack of inventive step over prior art US20100051568A1 published March 4, 2010. Procedurally, defendant's application to file additional documents including US'568 was initially deferred as unrelated to interim relief but later allowed for interim purposes after disputes and recall of part-heard release order on May 22, 2025 following plaintiffs' consent to address it on merits. The court analyzed no presumption of patent validity, defendant raised credible challenge as US'568 not cited in pre-grant opposition rejected by Controller, common general knowledge includes known foldable displays, suit patent's features are obvious workshop improvements over US'568's similar structure erecting by squeezing sides or displacing center panel without teaching away, thus vulnerable under Section 64(1)(f) Patents Act; no prima facie case for infringement, balance of convenience favors defendant with compensable harm to plaintiffs. Interim injunction application dismissed, defendant directed to file quarterly sales affidavits for similar products.

- No presumption of validity attaches to a granted patent, and vulnerability can be shown by credible challenge without proving actual invalidity at interim stage: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 25.

- Higher threshold for credible challenge applies only if same prior arts relied in oppositions and court; new prior art requires standard challenge: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 29.

- Common general knowledge for obviousness includes publicly known concepts like foldable display mechanisms, proven by standard works or competent witnesses: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 54.

- Prior art teaches away only if it discourages the claimed path, not merely by suggesting alternatives: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 85.

- Incremental changes like altering folding direction are mere workshop improvements lacking inventive step if within skilled person's routine capacity: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 82.

Case Title: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. Vs Classic Display Systems Pvt. Ltd.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS(COMM) 765/2024 & I.A. 38674/2024  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Hon'ble Ms. Justice Mini Pushkarna  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Kumar Prahlad

Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd., a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board since 1974 manufacturing milk products under the well-known trademark "Mother Dairy" and its blue logo recognized as well-known by prior court order, filed this commercial suit in 2019 against unknown defendants for infringement, passing off, and copyright violation through the domain "motherdairydistributor.com" which mimicked their official website, logo, and content to defraud the public by soliciting payments for distributorships, jobs, or franchises into unrelated bank accounts. As part of a batch of suits addressing widespread cyber fraud via infringing domains registered with fictitious details and privacy shields, proceedings spanned 2019-2025 involving summons, interim injunctions granted ex-parte in May 2019 and made absolute in September 2022, impleading DNRs like GoDaddy, registries like Verisign, government entities including MeitY, DoT, MHA, RBI, NPCI, IBA, Delhi Police, and ICANN; multiple hearings elicited affidavits, status reports on investigations, SOPs for bank-LEA cooperation issued in May 2024, beneficiary name lookup mandated by RBI in December 2024, grievance officer appointments, and stakeholder consultations. The court reasoned that domain names form the online soul of businesses warranting protection against erosion of goodwill and consumer deception; analyzed the domain ecosystem's pyramidical structure under ICANN agreements imposing duties on DNRs and registries for verification, abuse prevention, disclosure, and order compliance; found lacks in KYC, default privacy enabling fraud, intermediary due diligence failures risking safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79, and need for systemic safeguards balancing privacy under DPDP Act with legitimate interests; emphasized dynamic/dynamic+ injunctions to counter rogue websites and non-compliance warranting blocks under IT Act s.69A for public order disruption. The court issued directions to DNRs/registries for no default privacy, 72-hour disclosures, permanent blocks, no alternatives for well-known marks, India-based grievance officers, KYC verifications; to government for frameworks, data repositories, TMCH access; criteria for dynamic+ injunctions extending to variations; to banks for name lookup and SOP adherence; and for this case, granted summary judgment under Order XIII-A CPC/IPD Rules r.27 with permanent/dynamic+ injunction restraining use/passing off/copying, mandatory permanent block/takedown by registry/DNRs/DoT/MeitY/ISPs/social media, domain transfer to plaintiff on payment, no damages as not pressed, disposing pending applications.

- Domain Name Registrars (DNRs) and Registry Operators are obligated under ICANN agreements to verify registrant details, investigate inaccuracies/abuse, provide WHOIS/RDDS access, comply with court orders, and prevent registrations violating third-party rights, with failure risking termination or safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 261-262, 272.

- Privacy protect shall not be default/opt-out; offered only on opt-in as paid value-added service separate from registration package: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(i).

- DNRs must disclose specified registrant/admin/tech/payment/hosting details to legitimate interests/LEAs/courts within 72 hours under Intermediary Guidelines 2021: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ii).

- Infringing domains adjudged illegitimate shall be permanently blocked by registries/DNRs, not re-registered or pooled: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iii).

- For well-known/invented marks with reputation in India, injunctions bar alternative domains/extensions/mirrors/alphanumerics: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iv).

- DNRs shall not promote/suggest alternatives to injuncted domains, else lose safe harbour: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(v).

- For descriptive/generic marks, injunctions specific but extendable via Joint Registrar intervention: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vi).

- Injuncted domains transferable to TM owner on usual charges: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vii).

- No promotion/optimization services by search engines/DNRs to infringing domains: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(viii).

- All DNRs in India to appoint local Grievance Officers within one month, publish contacts: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ix).

- Email service on Grievance Officer sufficient; insistence on MLAT/other modes deems non-compliant: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(x).

- Courts may direct MeitY/DoT to block non-compliant DNRs/services under IT Act s.69A for public order: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 277(A)(xi), (B)(c).

- Registries to implement Trademark Clearinghouse for all brands: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xii).

- DNRs in India to verify registrant details via e-KYC per CERT-In circular, periodically: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiii).

- DNRs under NIXI to provide registration data monthly: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiv).

- Government to consult on NIXI-like framework, nominate nodal data repository, enable TMCH, publish well-known marks/websites list: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(B), (xvi).

- Dynamic+ injunction applies to exact marks, prefix/suffix/alphanumeric variations; legitimate registrants may seek court order: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(C)(xvii).

- Banks to mandatorily implement Beneficiary Name Lookup per RBI circular and abide by CEIB SOP for LEAs: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(D).

Case Title: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Kumar Prahlad & Anr.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS (COMM) 297/2019  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Justice Prathiba M. Singh  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]