Kalyani Baskar (Mrs.) Vs M.S. Sampoornaam

**A complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 was filed against Mrs. Kalyani Baskar and her husband alleging that they jointly issued a cheque which was dishonoured for insufficient funds. The accused appeared and filed an application under Section 243(2) CrPC seeking to send the cheque for examination by a handwriting expert to prove that the signature was not hers. The Magistrate rejected the prayer. The High Court upheld the rejection. In appeal, the Supreme Court held that the cheque itself being the foundation of the complaint constituted good material for rebuttal, and denial of opportunity to examine it by handwriting expert deprived the accused of her valuable right to adduce defence evidence, resulting in unfair trial and violation of Article 21. The Magistrate should have allowed the request unless it was intended solely for vexation or delay. The impugned orders were set aside and the Magistrate was directed to send the cheque for expert opinion.**

- The power of the Magistrate under Section 243(2) CrPC to send documents for expert opinion in a cheque dishonour case must be exercised unless the request is vexatious or intended only to delay proceedings; denial deprives the accused of rebuttal opportunity and fair trial: Kalyani Baskar v. M.S. Sampoornaam, (2007) 2 SCC 258, Paras relevant to Section 243(2) and fair trial.

- Adducing defence evidence including expert examination is a valuable right under Article 21; its denial amounts to unfair trial: Kalyani Baskar v. M.S. Sampoornaam, (2007) 2 SCC 258.

- Rules of procedure are designed to secure justice and must be scrupulously followed to prevent breach of fair trial principles: Kalyani Baskar v. M.S. Sampoornaam, (2007) 2 SCC 258.

Kalyani Baskar (Mrs.) Vs M.S. Sampoornaam (Mrs.), Order date: 11 December 2006, Case Number: Criminal Appeal No. 1293 of 2006, Neutral Citation: (2007) 2 Supreme Court Cases 258, Name of court: Supreme Court of India, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice G.P. Mathur and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Lokeshwar Singh Panta.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

G. Someshwar Rao Vs Samineni Nageshwar Rao

G. Someshwar Rao filed a suit for eviction against Samineni Nageshwar Rao claiming title and seeking possession of the suit property. The trial court decreed the suit in favor of the plaintiff. The appellate court reversed the decree holding the plaintiff not entitled to possession. The High Court dismissed the second appeal. In appeal before the Supreme Court, the Court considered subsequent events including renovation of the building by the respondent-plaintiff and held that courts can take notice of subsequent events to do complete justice, especially when the impugned judgment cannot be sustained. The Supreme Court set aside the impugned judgment, allowed the appeal, restored the plaintiff's entitlement to possession, permitted the respondent to file an application for recovery of renovation expenses (to be considered on merits), and directed determination of mesne profits with adjustment of amounts payable between parties.**

- Courts may take judicial notice of subsequent events to impart complete justice and mould relief accordingly, even in rare cases, if the goal is justice: G. Someshwar Rao v. Samineni Nageshwar Rao, (2009) 14 SCC 677, Para 37.

- The right of an accused to lead defence evidence including expert examination is not absolute and must be exercised bona fide to further justice, not to delay proceedings; successive applications for the same purpose indicate dilatory intent: G. Someshwar Rao v. Samineni Nageshwar Rao, (2009) 14 SCC 677, Paras 11-15 (also referring to cheque bounce context in connected appeals).

G. Someshwar Rao Vs Samineni Nageshwar Rao and Another, Order date: 29 July 2009, Case Number: Criminal Appeals No. 1353 of 2009 with No. 1354 of 2009, Neutral Citation: (2009) 14 SCC 677, Name of court: Supreme Court of India, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.B. Sinha and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Cyriac Joseph.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Palanisamy @ Uthayarpalayanthan Vs Apparsamy

**The document contains excerpts from two separate Madras High Court judgments. In the first (related to Forest Act proceedings), the court held that failure to issue notice to the financier in confiscation proceedings is a curable defect; the appellate court erred in allowing the appeal entirely without remanding for fresh notice and enquiry to both purchaser and financier. The writ petition was allowed directing the Authorised Officer to issue notice to both and proceed afresh. In the second case (Palanisamy @ Uthayarpalayanthan v. Apparsamy), the trial court dismissed a suit for permanent injunction for want of declaration of title without considering the Advocate Commissioner's report. The appellate court remanded the matter for non-consideration of the report and need for plaint amendment. The High Court set aside the remand order reasoning that the appellate court itself has power under Order 41 CPC to consider factual material including the Commissioner's report and amendment application without remanding, as remand is not justified when necessary material is already on record.**

- In confiscation proceedings under the Forest Act, omission to issue notice to the financier is a procedural defect curable by remand and fresh notice rather than outright reversal of the order: [Relevant judgment excerpt, Para 9].

- An appellate court under Order 41 Rules 23 and 28 CPC should not remand a matter when the necessary material (including Advocate Commissioner's report) and amendment application are already before it; the appellate court has full jurisdiction to decide factual and legal issues itself: Palanisamy @ Uthayarpalayanthan v. Apparsamy, 2002 (4) CTC 232, Paras 8 & 9.

Palanisamy @ Uthayarpalayanthan Vs  Apparsamy, Order date: 26 September 2002, Case Number: Civil Miscellaneous Appeal (P.d) No.3 of 2002, Neutral Citation: 2002 (4) CTC 232, Name of court: High Court of Madras, Name of Judge: N.V. Balasubramanian and C. Nagappan, JJ.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mohd. Akram Ansari Vs Chief Election Officer

**Mohd. Akram Ansari challenged the 2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election of Haroon Yusuf (respondent), alleging disqualification on the ground that Yusuf held an office of profit as Chairman of the Delhi Wakf Board at the time of election. The High Court dismissed the election petition. In appeal, the Supreme Court held that the subsequent insertion of Section 31-A in the Wakf Act, 1995 by the Wakf (Delhi Amendment) Act, 2006, which provides that the Chairman of the Delhi Wakf Board shall not be deemed to hold an office of profit and shall be deemed never to have been disqualified, is retrospective in nature due to the deeming clause. Even if disqualification existed in 2003, the legal fiction created by the amendment deems no disqualification to have occurred. The Court also clarified that there is a rebuttable presumption that the High Court dealt with all points actually pressed before it, and unaddressed points in the judgment are presumed not to have been pressed. The appeals were dismissed upholding the election of Haroon Yusuf.**

- A statutory provision containing the words “and shall be deemed never to have been disqualified” creates a retrospective legal fiction that must be given full effect, even if the amending Act does not expressly declare it to be retrospective: Mohd. Akram Ansari v. Chief Election Officer, (2008) 2 SCC 95, Paras 6, 7.

- There is a rebuttable presumption in law that a judge deals with all points actually pressed before him; if a point is not dealt with in the judgment, it is presumed not to have been pressed unless rebutted by approaching the same court: Mohd. Akram Ansari v. Chief Election Officer, (2008) 2 SCC 95, Para 10.

Mohd. Akram Ansari Vs Chief Election Officer and Others (with connected appeal Naved Yar Khan v. Haroon Yusuf and Another), Order date: 4 December 2007, Case Number: Civil Appeal No. 4981 of 2006 with Civil Appeal No. 5828 of 2006, Neutral Citation: (2008) 2 SCC 95, Name of court: Supreme Court of India, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice A.K. Mathur and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Markandey Katju.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Michael Meiresonne Vs. Google, Inc

Michael Meiresonne, sole inventor and owner of U.S. Patent No. 8,156,096 titled "Supplier Identification and Locator System and Method" directed to a directory website displaying supplier links with nearby descriptive text portions and a rollover window showing additional supplier information, appealed the PTAB's final written decision in IPR2014-01188 instituted on Google's petition holding claims 16, 17, 19, and 20 obvious under 35 U.S.C. § 103 over prior art references Hill (teaching links with text descriptions) and Finseth (teaching links with rollover viewing areas). Meiresonne argued the references taught away from combining descriptive text with rollover viewing area by disparaging and criticizing text descriptions as cursory unreliable or gibberish advocating graphical previews instead. The Federal Circuit reasoned that teaching away requires prior art to criticize discredit discourage or imply the combination would not work or be inoperable but Hill and Finseth did not disparage text to the extent of mutual exclusivity nor advocate wholesale abandonment of text descriptions with words like replace or unreliable absent from Finseth and the Board correctly found no teaching away supported by substantial evidence. The court affirmed the Board's decision of unpatentability.

- Prior art teaches away from a claimed invention only if it criticizes discredits discourages the combination or indicates it would be inoperable or not work: Meiresonne v. Google, Inc., 849 F.3d 1379, 1382-1383 (Fed. Cir. 2017).

- Mere preference for an alternative solution such as graphical previews over text descriptions without implying mutual exclusivity or abandonment does not constitute teaching away: Meiresonne v. Google, Inc., 849 F.3d 1379, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2017).

- Substantial evidence review applies to PTAB's factual finding on whether prior art teaches away in obviousness determinations: Meiresonne v. Google, Inc., 849 F.3d 1379, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2017).

Michael Meiresonne Vs. Google, Inc., Order date: March 7, 2017, Case Number: 2016-1755, Neutral Citation: 849 F.3d 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2017), Name of court: United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Name of Judge: Circuit Judge Kimberly A. Moore (opinion), with Chief Judge Sharon Prost and Circuit Judge Alan D. Lourie.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Vs. Synvina

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company and Archer Daniels Midland Company (collectively DuPont) petitioned for inter partes review of Synvina C.V.'s U.S. Patent 8,865,921 directed to oxidizing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural or derivatives under specific temperature pressure catalyst and solvent conditions to produce 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid FDCA a green chemical precursor with DuPont challenging claims 1-5 and 7-9 as obvious over prior art disclosing overlapping reaction ranges. The PTAB in IPR2015-01838 held on 3 March 2017 that DuPont failed to prove obviousness by preponderant evidence reasoning no reference expressly taught the exact claimed combination and refusing burden-shifting for overlapping ranges. DuPont appealed arguing the Board applied incorrect legal standards. The Federal Circuit reasoned that prior art disclosed overlapping ranges for result-effective variables like temperature and oxygen partial pressure creating a prima facie case of obviousness shifting production burden to Synvina to rebut with evidence of teaching away unexpected results criticality or lack of routine optimization but Synvina failed to do so with weak evidence of nonobviousness. The court reversed the Board's decision holding claims 1-5 and 7-9 obvious and affirmed DuPont's standing due to competitive injury from operating a demonstration plant capable of infringing.

- When prior art discloses ranges overlapping with claimed ranges for result-effective variables a prima facie case of obviousness arises shifting production burden to patentee to rebut with evidence of teaching away unexpected results criticality or that broad ranges do not invite routine optimization: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Synvina C.V., 904 F.3d 996, 1006-1008 (Fed. Cir. 2018).

- This burden-shifting framework for overlapping ranges applies in inter partes review proceedings as in examination and district court litigation: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Synvina C.V., 904 F.3d 996, 1007-1008 (Fed. Cir. 2018).

- Standing to appeal PTAB decision exists where petitioner demonstrates concrete injury-in-fact from operating a plant capable of practicing claimed method and competitor refuses covenant not to sue: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Synvina C.V., 904 F.3d 996, 1004-1005 (Fed. Cir. 2018).

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Vs. Synvina C.V., Order date: 17 September 2018, Case Number: 2017-1977, Neutral Citation: 904 F.3d 996 (Fed. Cir. 2018), Name of court: United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Name of Judge: Circuit Judge Alan D. Lourie (opinion), with Circuit Judges Kathleen M. O'Malley and Raymond C. Chen.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Vs Meghmani Lifesciences Limited

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited filed a suit for trademark infringement and passing off against Meghmani Lifesciences Limited and its manufacturer alleging that the defendant's mark EsiRaft for an oral suspension treating heartburn and indigestion containing identical active ingredients infringed its registered trademark RACIRAFT adopted in January 2022 with substantial sales turnover. 

An ex parte ad-interim injunction was granted on 7 April 2025 restraining the defendant, which was challenged by the defendant leading to hearing and arguments on vacation of injunction. 

The court reasoned that marks must be compared holistically as a whole without dissection, the common suffix RAFT is generic/descriptive denoting raft-like foam from sodium alginate common in such formulations and widely used in pharma trade, prefixes RACI and ESI are visually phonetically structurally distinct creating no likelihood of confusion among average consumers of medicinal preparations who exercise caution, 

No prima facie case of infringement under Section 29 or passing off established, and balance of convenience against injunction given defendant's ongoing use since July 2024. The interim application was dismissed vacating the ad-interim injunction but extended for one week from order upload to enable plaintiff further steps.

Law Point:

Trademarks must be compared holistically as a whole without anti-dissection rule applying to isolate elements, focusing on overall visual phonetic structural impression and likelihood of confusion.

Generic or descriptive suffixes like RAFT common to pharmaceutical trade for raft-forming formulations cannot confer monopoly or exclusivity preventing use by others.

In pharmaceutical cases higher threshold for confusion applies as average consumers exercise greater care caution in purchasing medicinal products reducing likelihood of deception: 

Case Detail:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Vs Meghmani Lifesciences Limited:23.12.2025: Commercial IP (L) No.353 of 2025, 2025:BHC-OS:26097: Sharmila U. Deshmukh,H.J.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH Vs Assistant Controller of Patents

Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH filed patent application for a pharmaceutical invention which was refused by the Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs on 25 July 2017 on grounds of lack of novelty and inventive step under Section 2(1)(j) of the Patents Act 1970. 

The appellant challenged the refusal order in appeal under Section 117A before the Delhi High Court. 

The court reasoned that the impugned order suffered from lack of adequate reasoning and proper appreciation of the applicant's submissions technical distinctions from prior art and evidence on novelty inventive step thereby violating principles of natural justice and reasoned decision-making. 

The appeal was allowed setting aside the refusal order and remanding the matter to the Controller for fresh consideration with directions to pass a detailed speaking order after affording full opportunity of hearing.

Law Point:

Refusal orders in patent applications must be detailed speaking orders demonstrating proper application of mind to submissions prior art distinctions technical advantages and evidence on novelty inventive step under Section 2(1)(j): 

Cryptic or unreasoned orders violating natural justice warrant setting aside and remand for reconsideration: Para [corresponding]; 

Case Detail:Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH Vs Assistant Controller of Patents:09.01.2026:C.A.(COMM.IPD-PAT) 423/2022:2026:DHC:147: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Steer Engineering Private Limited Vs Joint Controller of Patents

Steer Engineering Private Limited filed a divisional patent application No.202142059972 from parent No.201741044221 for a fiber reinforced thermoplastic composition and process using uPVC, ABS, and wetted continuous fibers in a twin-screw extruder with wave elements. 

The Controller issued FER on 07.03.2022, appellant responded with amended claims on 05.09.2022, hearing held post notice on 10.10.2023 and submissions on 18.12.2023, then refused patent on 31.07.2024 under Sections 2(1)(ja), 59(1), and 16(2) citing lack of inventive step over D1-D7, overlap with parent, and obviousness of wetting fibers and uPVC-ABS blend. 

Appellant appealed under Section 117A to Madras High Court, arguing permissible narrowing amendments, no hindsight, and technical advances shown in superior pipe properties. Court noted Rhodia principles on inventive step analysis but upheld Controller's detailed prior art comparison finding amended claims lack novelty/inventiveness, overlap parent features, and no evidence of unexpected effects, dismissing appeal on 05.01.2026.

Law Point:

Amended claims narrowing scope by incorporating specification features (e.g., "wetted" fibers) permissible under Section 59(1) if within original disclosure (Para 5).

Inventive step under Section 2(1)(ja) assessed via 5-step inquiry: identify skilled person (good skill > average), common knowledge, inventive concept, prior art differences, obviousness without hindsight (Para 7, citing Rhodia paras 21).

Divisional claims (Section 16) invalid if scope covered by ungranted parent without distinct invention (Para 11).

Case Details:Steer Engineering Private Limited Vs Joint Controller of Patents:05.01.2026: CMA(PT) No. 54 of 2024: Madras HC: Hon'ble Mr. Justice N. Senthilkumar.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Sana Herbals Private Limited Vs Mohsin Dehlvi

Sana Herbals Private Limited filed CS(Comm) 1776/2020 against Mohsin Dehlvi and Dehlvi Remedies Pvt Ltd alleging infringement of its registered trademark NOKUFSYRUP (registered 15 May 2015) and passing off by defendants' use of NOKUF for cough syrups, claiming rights via assignment deed dated 19 September 1999 and prior use, seeking interim injunction under Order XXXIX Rules 1&2 CPC which was dismissed by Commercial Court on 21 December 2024 finding no prima facie case due to defendants' prior use since 1994 and registration of NOKUF in 1996. 

Appellant appealed in FAO(COMM) 77/2025 arguing defendants' use discontinuous post-1999 fire and no evidence of continuous use till 2024 while appellant built goodwill. 

The Division Bench reasoned that under Section 28(3) Trade Marks Act 1999 concurrent registrations grant equal rights to use without infringement action against each other per S. Syed Mohideen v. P. Sulochana Bai, prior continuous user from 1994 defeats passing off claim as appellant failed to challenge use during 1994-1999 gap implying acquiescence or abandonment of goodwill, equity favoring appellant but law prevailing. Appeal dismissed upholding refusal of interim injunction.

Law Point:

Concurrent registration under Section 28(3) Trade Marks Act 1999 confers equal rights to use the mark on registered proprietors against each other, barring infringement action:

 Prior continuous user of trademark defeats claim of passing off even against later registered proprietor if no challenge raised during initial period implying acquiescence or abandonment of goodwill: 

Mere registration without continuous use does not entitle proprietor to injunction against prior user, but prior user must prove continuity:

Case Detail:Sana Herbals Private Limited Vs Mohsin Dehlvi : 05.01.2026: FAO (COMM) 77/2025:2026:DHC:17:DB:Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Radhakrishna Productions Pvt. Ltd. Vs Ikkon Films Pvt. Ltd

Radhakrishna Productions Pvt. Ltd. entered into a term sheet on 1 April 2010 with Ikkon Films Pvt. Ltd. for assigning worldwide rights in film Will You Marry Me for Rs 5.5 crore executing copyright assignment on 17 May 2010 and film finance agreement on 9 September 2010 with defendant no.2 advancing Rs 3.85 crore .

Defendants breached by not completing film by stipulated date failing to refund and creating third party rights via MOU dated 9 February 2012 and sixteen agreements with defendants 3 and 5-21 prompting suit in 2012 seeking declarations of validity infringement invalidity injunctions refund damages and costs with plaintiff leading unchallenged evidence via PW-1. 

The court reasoned that unchallenged evidence and lack of cross-examination or defense establishes agreements' validity breaches infringement and invalidity of subsequent deals drawing adverse inference under Section 114 Evidence Act rejecting emotional damages as plaintiff is company but awarding compensatory costs for defendants' negligent conduct. Suit decreed declaring assignments valid breaches infringement subsequent deals invalid granting permanent injunctions ordering refund Rs 3.85 crore with 12% interest till suit and 8% thereafter plus Rs 10 lakh costs.

Law Point:

Unchallenged facts in pleadings or cross-examination deemed admitted: Maroti Bansi Teli v. Radhabai w/o Tukaram Kuni & Ors., (2011) 15 SCC 330,.

Adverse inference drawable under Section 114 Evidence Act for failure to lead evidence or cross-examine: Iswar Bhai C. Patel v. Harihar Behera, (1999) 3 SCC 457,.

Uncontroverted deposition on oath accepted as true: Anita Sharma & Ors. v. New India Assurance Company Ltd. & Anr., (2021) 8 SCC 783,.

 Compensatory costs awardable considering parties' conduct under amended Section 35 CPC in commercial suits: .

Case Detail:Radhakrishna Productions Pvt. Ltd. Vs Ikkon Films Pvt. Ltd.:05.01.2026: Commercial IP Suit No. 98 of 2026:BHC-OS:373: Arif S. Doctor, H.J.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Phonographic Performance Limited Vs Pass Code Hospitalit

Phonographic Performance Limited a copyright owner in sound recordings filed CS(COMM) 267/2024 against Pass Code Hospitality Private Limited operating pubs alleging infringement by unauthorized public performance of repertoire without license seeking injunction damages with interim application I.A. 7255/2024 for restraint and ad hoc fees arrangement directed 10.04.2024 extended quarterly till 04.05.2025 amid defendant filing I.A. 20757/2025 for refund post Azure Hospitality judgment holding PPL disentitled to license without registration under Section 33 Copyright Act 1957 and subsequent AL Hamd following it prompting I.A. 8596/2024 for clarification. The court reasoned that Azure Hospitality ratio on PPL's inability to issue licenses absent registration or RMPL membership remains binding as Supreme Court SLP stay limited to specific direction in para 27 for inter se parties not entire judgment thus change in circumstances under Order XXXIX Rule 4 CPC warrants review but since core issue sub judice continue ad hoc to protect both till disposal without prejudice. Applications disposed directing further ₹15 lakhs deposit allowing ₹8 lakhs withdrawal balance in FD listing suit 15.01.2026.

- Limited stay in SLP does not suspend entire precedent's ratio unless expressly covering observations; applicable inter se parties absent third-party extension: Azure Hospitality Pvt. Ltd. v. Phonographic Performance Ltd., 2025 SCC OnLine Del 4040, Para 31; Para 33.

- Subsequent judgments constitute change in circumstances justifying variation of interim orders under Order XXXIX Rule 4 CPC if pertinent to injunction: Gurmeet Singh v. Hardev Singh, 2011 SCC OnLine Del 2962, Para 14.7; Bepin Krishna Sur v. Gautam Kumar Sur, 1981 (85) CWN 393, Para 14.7.

- Ad hoc license fee arrangements may continue pending final adjudication if core licensing entitlement sub judice before apex court: Para 34.

Phonographic Performance Limited Vs Pass Code Hospitality Private Limited & Ors., Order date: 09.01.2026, Case Number: CS(COMM) 267/2024 & I.A. 20757/2024, Neutral Citation: N/A, Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Nadeem Majid Oomerbhoy Vs Sh. Gautam Tank

Nadeem Majid Oomerbhoy as court receiver for partnership firm M/s Ahmed Oomerbhoy established in 1930s using registered trademark POSTMAN since 1950s for edible groundnut oil with extensive goodwill filed CS(COMM) 361/2018 against Gautam Tank and Jagdamba Vegetable Products alleging infringement by using SUPER POSTMAN since 2004 with similar blue-yellow packaging color scheme and bottle shape causing confusion ex parte injunction granted 30.05.2005 confirmed 20.12.2007.

Suit dismissed 24.12.2010 for lack of evidence restored 27.07.2012 on appeal with costs evidence recorded arguments heard in 2023. 

Court suo moto examined defendants' 2023 registration validity under Section 57 Trade Marks Act 1999 amid IAs for stay rectification clarification injunction revival. 

The court reasoned plaintiff retained proprietorship despite non-use since 2000 due to internal partner disputes not abandonment as pursued protection no acquiescence or delay 

Defendants' mark deceptively similar adopted dishonestly registration invalid contrary to Sections 9 11 Act interim injunction revived upon suit restoration suit maintainable under Section 124 not applicable rendition of accounts necessary for damages quantification. 

Suit preliminarily decreed granting permanent injunction cancelling defendants' registration ordering accounts rendition passing off and damages quantification pending further hearing IAs disposed with clarifications.

Law Point:

Registered trademark not abandoned if non-use due to special circumstances like internal disputes, intention to resume inferred from protective actions: 

Deceptive similarity assessed holistically, adding prefix like 'SUPER' insufficient to distinguish if essential feature copied: 

Stray third-party use no defense for deliberate infringer: 

Interim injunction revives upon suit restoration unless expressly excluded: 

Case Detail:Nadeem Majid Oomerbhoy Vs Sh. Gautam Tank & Ors., Order date: 09 January 2026, Case Number: CS(COMM) 361/2018:2026:DHC: 154:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mr. Sumit Vijay Vs Major League Baseball Properties

Mr. Sumit Vijay and Anr, proprietors using BLUE-JAY trademark since August 1998 for readymade garments in Class 25 with registration from 2004, faced cancellation petition CO (Comm IPD-TM) 279/2025 under Section 57 Trade Marks Act 1999 by Major League Baseball Properties Inc claiming BLUE JAYS mark for Toronto Blue Jays team merchandise since 1977 with trans-border reputation in India prior user bad faith adoption by appellants and deceptive similarity, leading to Single Judge allowing petition on 1 July 2025 finding trans-border goodwill bad faith and prior adoption despite no Indian registration or proven use. 

Appellants filed LPA 475/2025 arguing no evidence of respondent's Indian use or reputation before 1998 abandonment of applications no bad faith as mark unknown in India. Division Bench reasoned no material showed respondent's BLUE JAYS mark use or spillover reputation in India pre-1998 mere international fame websites magazines insufficient under Toyota Prius principles abandonment negated earlier mark status inconsistent adoption explanations inadequate for bad faith absent motive to copy obscure mark Single Judge conflated use with reputation and erred in findings. Appeal allowed quashing Single Judge judgment restoring appellants' registration.

Law Point:

 Trans-border reputation for passing off requires concrete evidence of goodwill spillover into India prior to defendant's adoption, not mere global fame or accessible websites/magazines: Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha v. Prius Auto Industries Ltd., (2018) 2 SCC 1, Para 12.8.9; Milmet Oftho Industries v. Allergan Inc., (2004) 12 SCC 624, Para 12.8.8.4.

Bad faith under Section 11(10)(ii) Trade Marks Act 1999 necessitates intent to unfairly capitalize on or damage another's reputation, not inferred from minor explanatory inconsistencies without proven awareness or motive: Harrison v. Teton Valley Trading Co. Ltd., [2004] EWCA Civ 1028, Para 59; BPI Sports LLC v. Vinayak Aggarwal, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 5802, Para 13.

Abandoned trademark applications do not confer "earlier trade mark" status or exclusivity, precluding monopoly claims over relinquished marks: Para 11.1 to 11.6.

Cancellation under Section 57 requires entry contrary to Act provisions like Section 11(3)(a), but absent Indian use/goodwill, international priority insufficient: Para 12.26.

Case Detail: Mr. Sumit Vijay Vs Major League Baseball Properties :05.02.2026:, Case Number: LPA 475/2025: 2026:DHC:6-DB: Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mr. Abhimanyu Prakash. Vs Ferrero S.P.A

Ferrero S.P.A filed CS(Comm) 65/2023 against Abhimanyu Prakash and others alleging infringement of registered NUTELLA trademarks including distinctive glass jar shape by manufacturing and selling identical empty jars without authorization leading to ex parte injunction on 06 February 2023 modified 08 February 2023 with local commissioners seizing 305916 jars which appellants consented to make absolute on 12 August 2025.

While single judge on 19 November 2025 summarily decreed suit under Order XIII-A CPC finding appellants knowing first-time infringers awarding costs and directing handover of seized jars to plaintiffs for own use or CSR donation to NGOs feeding poor valuing Rs 62.84 lakhs as deterrent with destruction of other material, prompting IA 30639/2025 for modification dismissed on 08 December 2025. 

Division bench reasoned jars held infringing under findings attained finality entitling registered proprietor to delivery up for destruction under Sections 28(1) and 135(1) Trade Marks Act 1999 without other commercial use though appellants argued ordinary jars usable for honey pickles etc but respondents undertook destruction. Appeal disposed modifying orders to handover jars solely for destruction on 17 January 2026 with appellants' representative present.

Registered proprietor entitled to exclusive use and relief including delivery up of infringing goods for destruction or erasure under Sections 28(1) and 135(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999: Para 18-20.

Infringement findings in summarily decreed suit under Order XIII-A CPC attain finality absent contest beyond limited modification: Para 16-17.

Case Detail:Mr. Abhimanyu Prakash. Vs Ferrero S.P.A:06.01.2026:, Case Number: RFA(OS)(COMM) 1/2026:2026:DHC:92-DB:Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Minco India Vs Minco India Flow

Minco India Private Limited incorporated in 1982 using trademark MINCO INDIA since October 1982 for pressure temperature gauges switches and related goods applied for registration on 5 June 2023 claiming goodwill reputation with certified sales from 1989.

 Discovered in February 2024 that Minco India Flow Elements Private Limited incorporated as Tivim Instruments in 1982 changed name in September 2012 using MINCO for identical goods prompting suit for infringement under Section 29(5) Trade Marks Act 1999 and passing off with interim application for injunction. 

Defendant contended both part of family group GICON founded by Manohar Kulkarni with name change via 2012 resolutions consented by common directors brothers Amarendra and Raghvendra who separated in 2015 per Will with use since 2012 sales over Rs 111 crore raising suppression delay laches acquiescence.

Plaintiff rebutted no consent fraudulent NOC by Raghvendra knowledge only 2024 no acquiescence. 

The court reasoned companies distinct entities statutory scheme recognizes registered proprietor assignment or permitted user not family succession prima facie honest adoption with consent via resolutions not fraudulent suppression of association common directors name change business similarity false knowledge date disentitling equitable relief acquiescence by inactivity despite awareness since 2012/2015 no confusion in niche industrial market no passing off misrepresentation or damage. Interim injunction refused application dismissed.

Legal Point:

Company is distinct artificial person from shareholders/directors immaterial family disputes succession in trademark infringement absent assignment or permitted user under Sections 28 29(5) 38-45 48-49 Trade Marks Act 1999: Para 14, Para 17.

Suppression of material facts false statements on oath about knowledge disentitles discretionary equitable relief in infringement/passing off: Ramjas Foundation v. Union of India, (2010) 14 SCC 38, Para 28; Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Karanveer Singh Chhabra, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 28.

Acquiescence requires positive acts not mere silence sitting by allowing expenditure building trade implying consent complete defense: Power Control Appliances v. Sumeet Machines Pvt Ltd, (1994) 2 SCC 448 Para 26, Para 30.

Balance of convenience against injunction where honest concurrent user delay laches in niche market no confusion: Chemco Plastic Industries Pvt Ltd v. Chemco Plastic, 2023 SCC OnLine Bom 285, Para 29; Midas Hygiene Industries (P) Ltd v. Sudhir Bhatia, (2004) 3 SCC 90, Para 32.

Case Detail:Minco India Private Limited Vs Minco India Flow Elements Private Limited: 06.01.2026: Commercial IP (L) No.12477 of 2024, 2026:BHC-OS:138: Bombay H C: Sharmila U. Deshmukh,H.J.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mayank Jain Vs Atulya Discs Pvt. Ltd

Mayank Jain proprietor of Mahaveer Udyog established in 1997 manufacturing agricultural implements like harrows adopted TIGER GOLD BRAND device mark in May 2010 registering it on 02 February 2023 claiming continuous use goodwill reputation with annual revenue around ₹40 crores and mark-specific ₹2 crores.

 Discovering in October 2024 defendants Atulya Discs Pvt Ltd incorporated 2020 using TIGER PREMIUM BRAND for identical goods via online platforms prompting suit CS(COMM) 412/2025 with IA 11309/2025 under Order XXXIX Rules 1&2 CPC seeking interim injunction for trademark infringement copyright violation passing off after failed mediation notice on 28 August 2025 arguments on 12 November 2025.

The court reasoned that TIGER and BRAND are generic common to trade publici juris non-distinctive under Section 9(1)(a) Trade Marks Act 1999 incapable of monopoly with registration under Section 17 conferring rights only to composite mark as whole not words and rival marks not deceptively similar holistically per anti-dissection rule considering visual phonetic structural differences like PREMIUM vs GOLD hexagonal vs circular frame distinct tiger devices color schemes no likelihood of confusion among farmers thus no infringement passing off or prima facie case. The application was dismissed.

Law Point:

Generic words like 'TIGER' and 'BRAND' are common to trade, publici juris, and non-distinctive under Section 9(1)(a) of Trade Marks Act 1999, precluding monopoly or exclusive rights: Para 8.

Registration of composite device mark grants exclusive rights only to the mark as a whole, not individual non-distinctive components like words, under Section 17 of Trade Marks Act 1999: Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Union of India, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 10.

 Deceptive similarity for infringement assessed by comparing marks holistically without dissection, focusing on overall visual, phonetic, and structural impression to determine likelihood of confusion: Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Union of India, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 9; Kaviraj Pandit Durga Dutt Sharma v. Navaratna Pharmaceutical Laboratories, AIR 1965 SC 980, Para 13.

Case Detail:Mayank Jain Vs Atulya Discs:09.01.2026: CS(COMM) 412/2025:2026:DHC:143: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mankind Pharma Limited Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks

Mankind Pharma Limited a leading pharmaceutical company with extensive KIND family of marks including 65 registrations in Class 31 and well-known MANKIND mark applied for PETKIND trademark in Class 31 on 01 October 2021 for animal foodstuffs and related goods on proposed use basis.

Receiving examination report on 27 October 2021 objecting under Section 11(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999 due to identical prior pending application PETKIND No 4648505 leading to hearing on 06 November 2024 and refusal on same date under Sections 9(1)(a) 9(1)(b) and 11(1) prompting appeal under Section 91. 

The court reasoned that appellant demonstrated prior extensive use of KIND suffix since 1986 acquiring distinctiveness and association exclusively with appellant negating likelihood of confusion under Section 11(1) especially as cited mark was proposed use without evidence of actual adoption while appellant's family marks entitled higher protection and examination report overlooked appellant's prior registrations in same class rendering refusal arbitrary. The appeal was allowed setting aside the impugned order directing advertisement within two months with oppositions to be decided on merits.

Legal Point:

Family of marks with common suffix like 'KIND' acquires distinctiveness through extensive use entitling prior adopter to higher protection against similar marks: Mankind Pharma Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 2015 SCC OnLine Del 6914, Para 14.

Likelihood of confusion under Section 11(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999 is fact-specific requiring evidence and not presumption considering nature of goods purchaser class and prior user's reputation: Manu Garg & Ratan Behari Agrawal v. Registrar of Trade Marks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 581, Para 12; Lite Bite Travel Foods (P) Ltd. v. Registrar of Trademarks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 296, Para 13.

Case Title:Mankind Pharma Limited Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks:09.01.2026: C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 13/2025 :2026:DHC:145:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Maj (Retd.) Sukesh Behl Vs Koninklijke Philips

Koninklijke Philips NV filed CS(Comm) 423/2016, 499/2018 and 519/2018 against Maj (Retd) Sukesh Behl of Pearl Engineering, Surinder Kumar Wadhwa and G S Kohli alleging infringement of SEP IN 218255 on EFM+ coding method for converting information words to modulated signal essential for DVD replication seeking injunction damages and costs but patent expired rendering injunction infructuous.

So single judge on 20 February 2025 found infringement validity FRAND royalty US$0.03 per DVD estimated stampers from Moser Baer and DVDs replicated awarding damages ₹6.225 crore plus ₹1 crore additional to Pearl ₹1.6185 crore plus ₹1 crore to Wadhwa ₹12.4325 crore plus ₹1 crore to Kohli with 12% interest.

Prompting appeals RFA(OS)(Comm) 8/12/13/14/2025 with stay applications. 

The division bench reasoned under Lifestyle Equities that money decrees stayed unconditionally only if perverse illegal or untenable finding no issue with infringement validity FRAND rate or stampers but estimation of 10000 DVDs per stamper and total DVDs presumptive without basis facially untenable meriting stay on bank guarantee not deposit. 

The applications were allowed directing unconditional irrevocable auto-renewal bank guarantee for principal damages within eight weeks staying execution till further orders listing appeals for 15 January 2026.

Legal Point:

Stay of execution of money decree under Order XLI Rule 5 CPC may be granted unconditionally if impugned judgment egregiously perverse, riddled with patent illegalities or facially untenable, departing from normal rule against staying money decrees: Lifestyle Equities C.V. v. Amazon Technologies Inc, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 2153; Para 20.3.

Damages in patent infringement cannot be computed based on mere presumption or hypothetical estimates without evidential foundation: Para 19.3.2.9, Para 20.6.

Case Title:Maj (Retd.) Sukesh Behl  Vs Koninklijke Philips NV:05.01.2026:: RFA(OS)(COMM) 8/2025:2026:DHC:5- DB:Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Living Media India Limited Vs Zee Media Corporation Limited

Living Media India Limited part of India Today Group launched Hindi news segment Duniyadari under device mark with globe sky clouds and landmarks on The Lallantop platform on 05 March 2020 registering the label mark in classes 16 35 and 41 on 16 February 2023 claiming extensive viewership and goodwill.

While Zee Media Corporation Limited launched similar Punjabi segment Duniyadari in October 2024 on Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal channel with similar logo.

Prompting plaintiff to file CS(COMM) 826/2025 with IA 19596/2025 under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 CPC seeking ex parte ad interim injunction against infringement passing off and copyright violation. 

The court reasoned that Duniyadari word is suggestive not descriptive of news services but lacks acquired distinctiveness for independent protection under anti-dissection rule requiring holistic view of composite mark yet defendant's impugned mark is deceptively similar overall due to common elements like globe flags color scheme creating confusion for same services channels and consumers though defendant can use word without similar visuals. The application was disposed restraining defendant from using deceptively similar mark but clarifying no exclusivity on word alone.

Legal Point:

Suggestive marks not descriptive require evidence of acquired distinctiveness or secondary meaning for protection as independent word mark when part of composite device: Yatra Online Ltd. v. Google LLC, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2947, Para 22; Para 21.

Registered composite labels protected holistically under anti-dissection rule without monopoly on individual elements like words absent distinctiveness: United Biotech Pvt. Ltd. v. Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 2012 SCC OnLine Del 2802, Para 18; South India Beverages Pvt. Ltd. v. General Mills Marketing Inc., 2014 SCC OnLine Del 1953, Para 19.

Deceptive similarity for infringement and passing off assessed by overall impression including visual phonetic structural aspects for identical services and consumers: Cadila Health Care Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 73, Para 29; Para 30

Plaintiff cannot approbate and reprobate by distinguishing mark for registration then claiming exclusivity on element: Raman Kwatra v. KEI Industries Ltd., 2023 SCC OnLine SC 38, Para 26; Para 27.

Case Detail:Living Media India Limited Vs Zee Media Corporation Limited:09.01.2026: CS(COMM) 826/2025:2026:DHC:141: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Kapil Goyal Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks

Kapil Goyal engaged in trading rice flour and cereal preparations filed trademark application No 5987240 for DOUBLE-CHOICE in Class 30 on proposed-to-be-used basis on 20 June 2023 which faced objections under Sections 9(1)(a) and 9(1)(b) of Trade Marks Act 1999 in examination report dated 6 November 2023 for lacking distinctive character and being descriptive, replied on 12 November 2023, heard on 12 November 2024 and refused by impugned order dated 24 January 2025 on grounds of non-distinctiveness descriptiveness and lack of secondary meaning, leading to appeal under Section 91. The court reasoned that the impugned order violated natural justice by lacking detailed reasoning on why the mark as a whole is non-distinctive or directly descriptive rather than suggestive requiring imagination, erroneously demanded acquired distinctiveness for proposed use rendering Section 18(1) meaningless, and based descriptiveness on conjectural variety/choice without evidence while marks must be assessed holistically not dissected with direct not remote reference to goods characteristics. The appeal was allowed setting aside the impugned order directing advertisement and further proceedings.

- Orders refusing trademark registration must contain reasoned findings explaining why the mark lacks distinctiveness or is descriptive: Abu Dhabi Global Market v. Registrar of Trademarks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2947, Para 7.

- Applications on proposed-to-be-used basis under Section 18(1) of Trade Marks Act 1999 cannot require evidence of acquired distinctiveness or secondary meaning: Abu Dhabi Global Market v. Registrar of Trademarks, 2023 SCC OnLine Del 2947, Para 8.

- A mark is descriptive under Section 9(1)(b) only if it directly and immediately references characteristics of goods, not remotely or requiring multiple mental steps: Mohd. Rafiq v. Modi Sugar Mills Ltd., 1971 SCC OnLine Del 190, Para 11.

- Trademarks must be examined as a whole without dissecting into components for distinctiveness under Section 9(1)(a): Para 22.

Kapil Goyal Vs The Registrar of Trade Marks, Order date: 09 January 2026, Case Number: C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 15/2025, Neutral Citation: N/A, Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Holy Cow Foundation Vs Patanjali Gramodyog Nyas

Holy Cow Foundation, an NGO promoting cow welfare, developed GAUNYLE cow urine-based floor cleaner in 2013 and registered the trademark in Class 05 in 2015 claiming user since 2013.

Discovering Patanjali Gramodyog Nyas using similar PATANJALI GONYLE FLOOR CLEANER registered in 2016 claiming user from 2015.

Prompting a 2017 cease and desist notice met with reply asserting use since 2011 and phonetic differences, leading to rectification petition under Section 57 of Trade Marks Act 1999 seeking cancellation on grounds of deceptive similarity under Sections 9(2)(a) and 11(1)(a) and prior use. 

The court reasoned that petitioner failed to prove prior use due to fabricated invoices with chronological inconsistencies while respondents' 2008 user claim stood unrefuted, marks not confusingly similar holistically given prominent well-known PATANJALI house mark distinguishing them despite phonetic resemblance and slightly differing goods descriptions reducing confusion risk, with no mala fide shown and prior registration favoring respondents. The petition was dismissed upholding the registration.

Legal Point:

Prior adoption and user must be substantiated with consistent, reliable documentary evidence; inconsistencies render evidence inadmissible and undermine the claim: Para 18.

Presence of a well-known house mark serves as a distinguishing factor reducing likelihood of confusion even in phonetically similar marks: Cadila Health Care Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 73, Para 24; Para 22.

Trade mark similarity assessed holistically considering visual, phonetic, conceptual aspects and overall impression, not isolated elements: Cadila Health Care Ltd. v. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 73, Para 25.

Rectification under Section 57 read with Sections 9(2)(a) and 11(1)(a) requires proof of deceptive similarity causing public confusion, absent which registration subsists: Para 26, Para 29.

Case Detail:Holy Cow Foundation Vs Patanjali Gramodyog Nyas:09.01.2026:, Case Number: C.O. (COMM.IPD-TM) 85/2021:2026:DHC:146: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Gaurav Garg Vs Aly Morani

Gaurav Garg collaborated with Aly Morani and Mohomed Morani in 2008 for Cineyug Films Pvt. Ltd. events creating Cineyug Signature division where he served as Vice President from March 2008 to October 2009 conceptualizing IPL Awards in June 2008 preparing presentations and pitching to IPL officials leading to deferral and his relocation to Delhi in June 2009 with MOU on 05.08.2009 acknowledging contribution and promising credit and remuneration.

But in April 2010 defendants announced event without credit prompting cease and desist and denial claiming plaintiff was employee with no rights.

So plaintiff filed CS(COMM) 200/2018 seeking injunction under Section 57 Copyright Act 1957 punitive damages and accounts with issues framed on 26.04.2012 and plaintiff's evidence closed on 02.05.2019 after delays upheld on appeals. 

The court reasoned plaintiff failed to prove authorship as employee under Section 17(c) vesting copyright in employer absent contrary agreement without producing original work or completing cross-examination rendering documents unproved thus not entitled to special rights under Section 57 or revenue sharing under unproved MOU pertaining to another event with no infringement established. The suit was dismissed without costs.

Legal Point:

Copyright in work created during employment vests in employer under Section 17(c) of Copyright Act 1957 absent contrary agreement, precluding employee's claim to authorship or special rights: Para 31, Para 39.

Non-completion of cross-examination renders evidence inadmissible and unproved: Vidhyadhar v. Manikrao, (1999) 3 SCC 573, Para 27; G. Balaji v. Saravanasamy, 2020 SCC OnLine Mad 9030, Para 27.

Directors not personally liable without specific allegations or privity of contract: Para 14.

Case Title:Gaurav Garg Vs Aly Morani:09.01.2026: CS(COMM) 200/2018:2026:DHC:139:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

E.R.Squibb & Sons LLC Vs. Union of India

E.R.Squibb & Sons LLC and Ono Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., holders of Indian Patent IN340060 granted on 31.01.2023 for human monoclonal antibodies to Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) for cancer treatment originating from PCT application filed 02.05.2006, faced post-grant opposition under Section 25(2) of Patents Act 1970 by Zydus Healthcare Limited alleging lack of novelty, inventive step, sufficiency and clarity, leading to Opposition Board's recommendation dated 31.01.2023 favoring revocation without considering patentees' evidence like affidavits from experts Dr. Fife, Sarah Roques, Dr. Feltquate and Dr. Mark or deciding maintainability of opponent's rejoinder under Rules 57-60 of Patents Rules 2003. 

Patentees filed writ petition under Article 226 seeking certiorarified mandamus to quash the recommendation and direct reissuance after proper consideration. 

The court reasoned that the Board's recommendation is merely advisory and not final as per Cipla v. Union of India, patentees can raise all objections including non-consideration of evidence during hearing before Controller under Rule 62 where Controller may accept, reject or reconstitute Board, no prejudice is caused since appeal lies under Section 117A against final order, and thus premature interference is unwarranted rendering the petition not maintainable. The writ petition was dismissed without costs.

Law Point:

Recommendation of Opposition Board under Section 25(3) of Patents Act 1970 is advisory in nature and not a final decision amenable to direct writ challenge, as parties can raise objections during hearing before Controller under Rule 62 of Patents Rules 2003: Cipla Ltd. v. Union of India, (2012) 13 SCC 641, Para 6; Para 30.

Controller must consider all evidence and documents under Rules 57-60 before final decision, but non-consideration by Board does not vitiate process if addressed in hearing, with appeal available under Section 117A: Para 28, Para 30.

Writ petition challenging Opposition Board's recommendation prematurely is not maintainable when statutory remedies like hearing and appeal exist: Para 31.

Case Title:E.R.Squibb & Sons LLC Vs. Union of India:05.01.2026:W.P. No.8451 of 2023: High Court of Judicature at Madras, Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice N. Senthilkumar.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Automat Irrigation Pvt. Ltd. Vs Aquestia Limited

Aquestia Limited filed a patent infringement suit CS (Comm) 860/2024 against Automat Irrigation Pvt. Ltd. alleging that the latter's Hydromat Valve infringed its Indian Patent IN 427050 for a fluid control valve featuring an asymmetric diaphragm and longer inlet path, and obtained an ex parte interim injunction from the Single Judge on 1 August 2025 who limited analysis to the "characterized in that" portion of Claim 1 and found infringement based on asymmetric diaphragm and differential surface areas while ignoring differences in sealing bridge curvature and inlet/outlet path lengths. 

Automat appealed, arguing fundamental differences in technology with its curved sealing bridge along the flow axis and symmetric diaphragm with equal path lengths.

The Division Bench reasoned that the Single Judge erred in principle by not construing the claim holistically as required under Indian patent law without special weight to "characterized" portion unlike UK regulations, failing to address equal inlet/outlet paths in appellant's product contrary to suit patent's core feature of longer inlet path, and conflating diaphragm asymmetry with sealing bridge curvature on perpendicular axes. 

The court stayed the impugned judgment ad interim pending appeal, finding prima facie errors justifying interference under Wander principles, issued notice returnable on 9 February 2026, and directed filings for potential final disposal.

Law Point:

Patent claims must be construed in their entirety without restricting analysis to the portion following "characterized in that", as Indian Patents Act and Rules lack any such provision unlike UK Implementing Regulation 29(1): Biswanath Prasad Radhey Shyam v. Hindustan Metal Industries, (1979) 2 SCC 511, Para 13; distinguished Guala Closures SPA v. AGI Greenpac Ltd, 2024 SCC OnLine Del 3510, Para 10; Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v. Premium Aircraft Interiors UK Ltd, [2009] EWCA Civ 1062, Para 9.

Infringement requires comparing the accused product with the entire claim, including essential features like differing lengths of inlet and outlet flow paths which form the basis of the patented technology: Para 7, Para 10.

Distinction must be maintained between asymmetry of the diaphragm (along flow axis) and curvature of the sealing bridge (perpendicular vs. along flow direction), as conflation ignores fundamental technological differences: Para 11, Para 13.

Appellate courts should not interfere with discretionary interim injunctions in IP matters unless exercised arbitrarily, capriciously, or ignoring settled principles: Wander Ltd v. Antox India P. Ltd, 1990 Supp SCC 727, Para 5; Pernod Ricard India Pvt Ltd v. Karanveer Singh Chhabra, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1701, Para 6.

Case Title:Automat Irrigation Pvt. Ltd. Vs Aquestia Limited: 05.01.2026: FAO(OS) (COMM) 123/2025 :2026:DHC:3-DB:  Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft

In 1979, Austrian company Samperit Aktiengesellschaft , holder of registered Indian trademark "Matador" for combs manufactured in Austria, sued Indian manufacturer Synthetic Moulders for using the identical mark "Matador" on combs produced locally since 1966. 

The trial court granted temporary injunction against the defendant restraining use of the mark. 

On appeal, the Delhi High Court set aside the interim injunction, holding that while the plaintiff had exclusive rights under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, grant of temporary injunction is equitable and governed by Order 39 CPC principles of prima facie case, balance of convenience, and irreparable injury rather than automatically following statutory rights. 

The Court found no real deception or confusion likely due to the common, low-value nature of combs where purchase decisions depend on look and feel rather than brand name, the plaintiff's products being banned from import since 1954 and virtually unknown in India, potential total damage to defendant's established business if injunction continued, absence of substantial damage to plaintiff from continued use, and unexplained delay by plaintiff in challenging the use from 1966 until 1978. 

Law Point:

Registration under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 grants exclusive right to use the registered trademark, but temporary injunction is an equitable remedy governed by Order 39 CPC principles (prima facie case, balance of convenience, irreparable injury) and not automatically granted merely on proof of statutory rights. (Para 1–2)

Balance of convenience for temporary injunction requires weighing relative damage if injunction is granted but plaintiff ultimately fails (potential total loss to defendant using mark since long) against damage to plaintiff if refused (minimal where plaintiff's goods banned from import since 1954 and unknown in market), per Kerley on Trade Marks (10th Ed., para 15.65). (Para 3)

For common, low-value, everyday articles like combs purchased based on look, feel and quality rather than brand name, deception or confusion is unlikely where foreign plaintiff's mark is virtually unknown in India due to import ban, unlike special/high-value goods from renowned makers. (Para 4)

Unexplained long delay by plaintiff in challenging defendant's use (from 1966 to 1978) weakens case for interim relief. (Para 5)

Observations on balance of convenience and delay for temporary injunction do not influence final decision on permanent injunction in the pending suit on merits. (Para 6)

Case Title: Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft:22.10.1979:First Appeal No. 66 of 1979:(1979) 10 DEL CK 0025; (1980) RLR 263:Delhi High Court:V.S. Deshpande

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft

In 1979, Austrian company Samperit Aktiengesellschaft (respondent/plaintiff), holder of registered Indian trademark "Matador" for combs manufactured in Austria, sued Indian manufacturer Synthetic Moulders (appellant/defendant) for using the identical mark "Matador" on combs produced locally since 1966. The trial court granted temporary injunction against the defendant restraining use of the mark. On appeal, the Delhi High Court set aside the interim injunction, holding that while the plaintiff had exclusive rights under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, grant of temporary injunction is equitable and governed by Order 39 CPC principles of prima facie case, balance of convenience, and irreparable injury rather than automatically following statutory rights. The Court found no real deception or confusion likely due to the common, low-value nature of combs where purchase decisions depend on look and feel rather than brand name, the plaintiff's products being banned from import since 1954 and virtually unknown in India, potential total damage to defendant's established business if injunction continued, absence of substantial damage to plaintiff from continued use, and unexplained delay by plaintiff in challenging the use from 1966 until 1978. The observations were limited to interim stage and not to bind the final decision on merits for permanent injunction.

Crisp bullet points of law settled in the case

Registration under Section 28 of the Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 grants exclusive right to use the registered trademark, but temporary injunction is an equitable remedy governed by Order 39 CPC principles (prima facie case, balance of convenience, irreparable injury) and not automatically granted merely on proof of statutory rights. (Para 1–2)

Balance of convenience for temporary injunction requires weighing relative damage if injunction is granted but plaintiff ultimately fails (potential total loss to defendant using mark since long) against damage to plaintiff if refused (minimal where plaintiff's goods banned from import since 1954 and unknown in market), per Kerley on Trade Marks (10th Ed., para 15.65). (Para 3)

For common, low-value, everyday articles like combs purchased based on look, feel and quality rather than brand name, deception or confusion is unlikely where foreign plaintiff's mark is virtually unknown in India due to import ban, unlike special/high-value goods from renowned makers. (Para 4)

Unexplained long delay by plaintiff in challenging defendant's use (from 1966 to 1978) weakens case for interim relief. (Para 5)

Observations on balance of convenience and delay for temporary injunction do not influence final decision on permanent injunction in the pending suit on merits. (Para 6)

Case Title: Synthetic Moulders Vs Samperit Aktiengesellschaft

Order date: October 22, 1979

Case Number: First Appeal No. 66 of 1979

Neutral Citation: (1979) 10 DEL CK 0025; (1980) RLR 263

Name of court: Delhi High Court

Name of Judge: V.S. Deshpande, C.J. (Single Bench, though appeal heard as full appeal)

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Vs Ashok Kumar

Actor Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Jr (popularly known as Jr NTR), a renowned Telugu film star with decades of successful career, multiple awards, massive public goodwill, trademark registrations in names like 'NTR', 'Jr. NTR' and 'Man of Masses', and high brand value, filed a commercial suit in Delhi High Court against John Doe and various online sellers, e-commerce platforms and intermediaries alleging unauthorised commercial exploitation of his personality and publicity rights through sale of infringing merchandise (T-shirts, posters, mugs etc.) bearing his name, image, likeness and sobriquets, as well as potential AI-generated content, causing confusion, deception and irreparable harm.

The Court granted exemptions from pre-institution mediation, Section 80 notice to proforma defendants, and allowed additional documents; registered the suit, issued summons to infringing defendants, and passed an ex-parte ad-interim injunction on 22 December 2025 restraining all defendants (including unknown persons) from violating the plaintiff's personality rights by any direct/indirect commercial use of his name, styles, photographs or creating/sharing any products/merchandise via any technology (including AI and GIFs) without consent, directing specific takedowns of listed infringing URLs within 72 hours, restraining e-commerce platforms from facilitating such sales, permitting Google to reindex non-removed URLs on non-compliance, and directing intermediaries to treat additional URLs as complaints under IT Rules 2021; 

The Court also called for replies from major platforms on their complaint-handling policies regarding trademark/copyright/image misuse.

Crisp bullet points of law settled in the case

A celebrity's name, image, likeness and associated attributes (including registered trademarks and well-known sobriquets like 'Man of Masses') that have acquired substantial goodwill and distinctiveness through professional achievements, awards and brand endorsements constitute protectable personality and publicity rights, granting proprietary control against unauthorised commercial exploitation by third parties, particularly for merchandise sales. (Para 26–30)

Reliance: D.M. Entertainment Vs. Baby Gift House, MANU/DE/2043/2010; Anil Kapoor Vs. Simply Life India & Ors., 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6914 (Para 38–40); Jaikishan Kaku Bhai Sarf Alias Jackie Shroff Vs. The Peppy Store and Ors., 2024 SCC OnLine Del 3664.

Prima facie case, balance of convenience and irreparable injury are satisfied where continued availability of infringing merchandise exploiting a celebrity's personality rights causes deception, economic loss and reputational harm, warranting ex-parte ad-interim injunction and John Doe directions. (Para 31–32)

Case Title: Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Vs Ashok Kumar: 22.12.2025: CS(COMM) 1305/2025: Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Kenvue Brands LLC Vs RSPL Limited

Kenvue Brands LLC and its Indian affiliate JNTL Consumer Health Pvt. Ltd. filed a patent infringement suit against RSPL Limited, alleging that the defendant's Pro-ease Go sanitary napkin variants infringe their patent IN 339964 valid until 2035 for Stayfree products, seeking permanent injunction and damages under the Patents Act 1970 after learning of the products in February 2025 with widespread sales by October 2025.

Procedurally, the court granted exemption from pre-institution mediation citing urgency for interim relief, allowed leave under Order II Rule 2 CPC to add claims and parties, registered the plaint as a suit, issued summons accepted by defendant, directed filing of written statement within 30 days with admission/denial affidavits, permitted additional documents, and accepted notice on the interim injunction application under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 CPC. Plaintiffs submitted arguments on infringement supported by a technical expert affidavit mapping claims, while defendant countered with no prima facie infringement, balance of convenience in their favor due to investments, patent vulnerability to invalidity challenges for lack of novelty and inventive step, adoption of only public domain features, and doubts on the expert affidavit's genuineness as it was signed the same day as the plaint on December 12, 2025.

The court reasoned that the cause of action arose in February 2025 yet suit was filed late, and the same-day execution of plaint and expert affidavit raised serious authenticity doubts on infringement claims, thus requiring further consideration after defendant's reply rather than granting immediate ad-interim relief, directing reply within three weeks, rejoinder within one week, and listing the application for hearing on January 19, 2026.

Law Point:

An expert affidavit signed and executed on the same date as the plaint raises serious doubts about its authenticity and the averments therein for establishing patent infringement, warranting opportunity for defendant to file reply before considering ad-interim injunction (Para 21).

Case Title: Kenvue Brands LLC Vs RSPL Limited:22.12.2025:CS(COMM) 1363/2025:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

HT Media Ltd Vs . Pooja Sharma

HT Media Ltd, owner of well-known trademarks like HINDUSTAN TIMES, HT, and associated logos since 1924 with extensive media presence, filed a 2022 suit against Pooja Sharma and unknown defendants for trademark infringement, passing off, and unfair competition through fraudulent domains such as htmediajobs.com imitating their official site and content to deceive the public into paying for fake job opportunities, advertisements, or services into unrelated bank accounts. As part of a batch of suits tackling cyber fraud via anonymous infringing domains with privacy protections, proceedings from 2022-2025 included ex-parte interim injunctions under I.A. 612/2022 suspending domains and extended, impleading DNRs like GoDaddy, registries like Verisign, entities including ICANN, MeitY, DoT, MHA, RBI, NPCI, IBA, NIXI, Delhi Police, Bharti Airtel; hearings gathered affidavits, investigation status reports with FIRs and chargesheets, CEIB SOPs in May 2024 for bank-LEA collaboration, RBI's December 2024 beneficiary name lookup mandate, grievance officer designations, and consultations; judgment reserved May 31, 2025. The court reasoned that domain names embody the online identity of businesses requiring protection from goodwill dilution and consumer fraud; dissected the ICANN framework imposing verification, anti-abuse, disclosure, and compliance obligations on DNRs and registries; highlighted gaps in KYC processes, default privacy aiding anonymity and fraud, due diligence shortcomings endangering IT Act s.79 safe harbour, and the need to balance privacy under DPDP Act with third-party rights; underscored dynamic/dynamic+ injunctions against rogue domains and non-compliance meriting IT Act s.69A blocks due to public order threats from pervasive scams; addressed payment discrepancies and enforcement aids. The court issued directives to DNRs/registries for opt-in privacy only, 72-hour disclosures, permanent blocks, prohibitions on alternatives for well-known marks, local grievance officers, e-KYC verifications, TMCH implementation, data sharing; to government for unified frameworks, nodal repositories, TMCH facilitation, lists of well-known marks/sites; parameters for dynamic+ injunctions covering variations; to banks for name lookup and SOP adherence; granted summary judgment under Order XIII-A CPC/IPD Rules r.27 with permanent/dynamic+ injunction restraining infringement/passing off, compulsory permanent blocks/takedowns by registries/DNRs/DoT/MeitY/ISPs/search engines, domain transfers upon payment, complete disclosures, no damages sought, disposing applications.

- Domain Name Registrars (DNRs) and Registry Operators are obligated under ICANN agreements to verify registrant details, investigate inaccuracies/abuse, provide WHOIS/RDDS access, comply with court orders, and prevent registrations violating third-party rights, with failure risking termination or safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 261-262, 272.

- Privacy protect shall not be default/opt-out; offered only on opt-in as paid value-added service separate from registration package: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(i).

- DNRs must disclose specified registrant/admin/tech/payment/hosting details to legitimate interests/LEAs/courts within 72 hours under Intermediary Guidelines 2021: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ii).

- Infringing domains adjudged illegitimate shall be permanently blocked by registries/DNRs, not re-registered or pooled: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iii).

- For well-known/invented marks with reputation in India, injunctions bar alternative domains/extensions/mirrors/alphanumerics: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iv).

- DNRs shall not promote/suggest alternatives to injuncted domains, else lose safe harbour: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(v).

- For descriptive/generic marks, injunctions specific but extendable via Joint Registrar intervention: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vi).

- Injuncted domains transferable to TM owner on usual charges: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vii).

- No promotion/optimization services by search engines/DNRs to infringing domains: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(viii).

- All DNRs in India to appoint local Grievance Officers within one month, publish contacts: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ix).

- Email service on Grievance Officer sufficient; insistence on MLAT/other modes deems non-compliant: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(x).

- Courts may direct MeitY/DoT to block non-compliant DNRs/services under IT Act s.69A for public order: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 277(A)(xi), (B)(c).

- Registries to implement Trademark Clearinghouse for all brands: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xii).

- DNRs in India to verify registrant details via e-KYC per CERT-In circular, periodically: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiii).

- DNRs under NIXI to provide registration data monthly: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiv).

- Government to consult on NIXI-like framework, nominate nodal data repository, enable TMCH, publish well-known marks/websites list: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(B), (xvi).

- Dynamic+ injunction applies to exact marks, prefix/suffix/alphanumeric variations; legitimate registrants may seek court order: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(C)(xvii).

- Banks to mandatorily implement Beneficiary Name Lookup per RBI circular and abide by CEIB SOP for LEAs: HT Media Ltd v. Pooja Sharma & Ors., CS(COMM) 26/2022 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(D).

Case Title: HT Media Ltd Vs . Pooja Sharma & Ors.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS (COMM) 26/2022 & I.As.612/2022  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Justice Prathiba M. Singh  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. Vs. www.xiaomi-india.xyz

Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited, Indian arm of Chinese multinational with trademarks XIAOMI, MI, REDMI, POCO since 2010 and billions in sales, along with Super Cassettes Industries Pvt Ltd, filed 2019 suit against unknown defendants for trademark infringement, passing off, and dilution via fraudulent domains like xiaomi-india.xyz copying their websites, logos, content to scam public for jobs, dealerships, payments into unrelated accounts. As batch matter on domain-based cyber frauds, proceedings 2019-2025 involved ex-parte injunctions in December 2019 suspending domains and extended, impleading DNRs like GoDaddy, registries Verisign, entities ICANN, MeitY, DoT, MHA, RBI, NPCI, IBA, NIXI, Delhi Police; multiple hearings with affidavits, status reports on investigations including FIRs/chargesheets, CEIB SOPs May 2024 for bank-LEA aid, RBI December 2024 mandating beneficiary name lookup, grievance officer appointments, stakeholder meetings; reserved May 31, 2025. Court reasoned domain names as online business essence require safeguards against goodwill erosion and deception; analyzed ICANN ecosystem duties on DNRs/registries for verification, abuse prevention, disclosure, order adherence; identified lapses in KYC, default privacy enabling anonymity/fraud, intermediary diligence failures risking IT Act s.79 safe harbour, privacy balanced with rights under DPDP Act; stressed dynamic/dynamic+ injunctions for rogue sites, non-compliance justifying IT Act s.69A blocks for public order disruptions from mass frauds; addressed payment mismatches, LEA cooperation. Issued directions to DNRs/registries for opt-in privacy, 72-hour disclosures, permanent blocks, no alternatives for well-known marks, India grievance officers, e-KYC, TMCH, monthly data to NIXI; government for NIXI-like framework, nodal repository, TMCH enablement, well-known marks/websites list; dynamic+ criteria for variations; banks for name lookup/SOP compliance; granted summary adjudication under Order XIII-A CPC/IPD Rules r.27 with permanent/dynamic+ injunction restraining use/passing off, mandatory permanent blocks/takedowns by registries/DNRs/DoT/MeitY/ISPs/social media/search engines, domain transfers to plaintiffs on fees, full disclosures, no damages as not claimed, disposed pending IAs including impleadment.

- Domain Name Registrars (DNRs) and Registry Operators are obligated under ICANN agreements to verify registrant details, investigate inaccuracies/abuse, provide WHOIS/RDDS access, comply with court orders, and prevent registrations violating third-party rights, with failure risking termination or safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 261-262, 272.

- Privacy protect shall not be default/opt-out; offered only on opt-in as paid value-added service separate from registration package: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(i).

- DNRs must disclose specified registrant/admin/tech/payment/hosting details to legitimate interests/LEAs/courts within 72 hours under Intermediary Guidelines 2021: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(ii).

- Infringing domains adjudged illegitimate shall be permanently blocked by registries/DNRs, not re-registered or pooled: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(iii).

- For well-known/invented marks with reputation in India, injunctions bar alternative domains/extensions/mirrors/alphanumerics: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(iv).

- DNRs shall not promote/suggest alternatives to injuncted domains, else lose safe harbour: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(v).

- For descriptive/generic marks, injunctions specific but extendable via Joint Registrar intervention: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(vi).

- Injuncted domains transferable to TM owner on usual charges: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(vii).

- No promotion/optimization services by search engines/DNRs to infringing domains: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(viii).

- All DNRs in India to appoint local Grievance Officers within one month, publish contacts: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(ix).

- Email service on Grievance Officer sufficient; insistence on MLAT/other modes deems non-compliant: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(x).

- Courts may direct MeitY/DoT to block non-compliant DNRs/services under IT Act s.69A for public order: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 283(A)(xi), (B)(c).

- Registries to implement Trademark Clearinghouse for all brands: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(xii).

- DNRs in India to verify registrant details via e-KYC per CERT-In circular, periodically: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(xiii).

- DNRs under NIXI to provide registration data monthly: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(A)(xiv).

- Government to consult on NIXI-like framework, nominate nodal data repository, enable TMCH, publish well-known marks/websites list: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(B), (xvi).

- Dynamic+ injunction applies to exact marks, prefix/suffix/alphanumeric variations; legitimate registrants may seek court order: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(C)(xvii).

- Banks to mandatorily implement Beneficiary Name Lookup per RBI circular and abide by CEIB SOP for LEAs: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. v. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors., CS(COMM) 700/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 283(D).

Case Title: Xiaomi Technology India Private Limited & Anr. Vs. www.xiaomi-india.xyz & Ors.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS (COMM) 700/2019 & I.A. 17945/2019  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Justice Prathiba M. Singh  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]