Amitoje India Pvt Ltd Vs Classic Display Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Amitoje India Pvt Ltd, authorized to manufacture and sell, and Ravinder Kaur, sole proprietor of patentee M/s Amitoje India, filed a 2024 suit against Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd for infringing patent IN 533643 granted April 18, 2024 with priority October 17, 2018 for a foldable product display unit featuring tandem-moving shelves via connecting means and side panels folding sideways in the same direction, seeking permanent injunction against defendant's identical units; defendant filed counterclaim challenging validity on grounds including lack of inventive step over prior art US20100051568A1 published March 4, 2010. Procedurally, defendant's application to file additional documents including US'568 was initially deferred as unrelated to interim relief but later allowed for interim purposes after disputes and recall of part-heard release order on May 22, 2025 following plaintiffs' consent to address it on merits. The court analyzed no presumption of patent validity, defendant raised credible challenge as US'568 not cited in pre-grant opposition rejected by Controller, common general knowledge includes known foldable displays, suit patent's features are obvious workshop improvements over US'568's similar structure erecting by squeezing sides or displacing center panel without teaching away, thus vulnerable under Section 64(1)(f) Patents Act; no prima facie case for infringement, balance of convenience favors defendant with compensable harm to plaintiffs. Interim injunction application dismissed, defendant directed to file quarterly sales affidavits for similar products.

- No presumption of validity attaches to a granted patent, and vulnerability can be shown by credible challenge without proving actual invalidity at interim stage: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 25.

- Higher threshold for credible challenge applies only if same prior arts relied in oppositions and court; new prior art requires standard challenge: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 29.

- Common general knowledge for obviousness includes publicly known concepts like foldable display mechanisms, proven by standard works or competent witnesses: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 54.

- Prior art teaches away only if it discourages the claimed path, not merely by suggesting alternatives: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 85.

- Incremental changes like altering folding direction are mere workshop improvements lacking inventive step if within skilled person's routine capacity: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. v. Classic Display Systems Pvt Ltd, CS(COMM) 765/2024 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 82.

Case Title: Amitoje India Pvt Ltd & Anr. Vs Classic Display Systems Pvt. Ltd.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS(COMM) 765/2024 & I.A. 38674/2024  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Hon'ble Ms. Justice Mini Pushkarna  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Kumar Prahlad

Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd., a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board since 1974 manufacturing milk products under the well-known trademark "Mother Dairy" and its blue logo recognized as well-known by prior court order, filed this commercial suit in 2019 against unknown defendants for infringement, passing off, and copyright violation through the domain "motherdairydistributor.com" which mimicked their official website, logo, and content to defraud the public by soliciting payments for distributorships, jobs, or franchises into unrelated bank accounts. As part of a batch of suits addressing widespread cyber fraud via infringing domains registered with fictitious details and privacy shields, proceedings spanned 2019-2025 involving summons, interim injunctions granted ex-parte in May 2019 and made absolute in September 2022, impleading DNRs like GoDaddy, registries like Verisign, government entities including MeitY, DoT, MHA, RBI, NPCI, IBA, Delhi Police, and ICANN; multiple hearings elicited affidavits, status reports on investigations, SOPs for bank-LEA cooperation issued in May 2024, beneficiary name lookup mandated by RBI in December 2024, grievance officer appointments, and stakeholder consultations. The court reasoned that domain names form the online soul of businesses warranting protection against erosion of goodwill and consumer deception; analyzed the domain ecosystem's pyramidical structure under ICANN agreements imposing duties on DNRs and registries for verification, abuse prevention, disclosure, and order compliance; found lacks in KYC, default privacy enabling fraud, intermediary due diligence failures risking safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79, and need for systemic safeguards balancing privacy under DPDP Act with legitimate interests; emphasized dynamic/dynamic+ injunctions to counter rogue websites and non-compliance warranting blocks under IT Act s.69A for public order disruption. The court issued directions to DNRs/registries for no default privacy, 72-hour disclosures, permanent blocks, no alternatives for well-known marks, India-based grievance officers, KYC verifications; to government for frameworks, data repositories, TMCH access; criteria for dynamic+ injunctions extending to variations; to banks for name lookup and SOP adherence; and for this case, granted summary judgment under Order XIII-A CPC/IPD Rules r.27 with permanent/dynamic+ injunction restraining use/passing off/copying, mandatory permanent block/takedown by registry/DNRs/DoT/MeitY/ISPs/social media, domain transfer to plaintiff on payment, no damages as not pressed, disposing pending applications.

- Domain Name Registrars (DNRs) and Registry Operators are obligated under ICANN agreements to verify registrant details, investigate inaccuracies/abuse, provide WHOIS/RDDS access, comply with court orders, and prevent registrations violating third-party rights, with failure risking termination or safe harbour loss under IT Act s.79: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 261-262, 272.

- Privacy protect shall not be default/opt-out; offered only on opt-in as paid value-added service separate from registration package: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(i).

- DNRs must disclose specified registrant/admin/tech/payment/hosting details to legitimate interests/LEAs/courts within 72 hours under Intermediary Guidelines 2021: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ii).

- Infringing domains adjudged illegitimate shall be permanently blocked by registries/DNRs, not re-registered or pooled: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iii).

- For well-known/invented marks with reputation in India, injunctions bar alternative domains/extensions/mirrors/alphanumerics: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(iv).

- DNRs shall not promote/suggest alternatives to injuncted domains, else lose safe harbour: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(v).

- For descriptive/generic marks, injunctions specific but extendable via Joint Registrar intervention: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vi).

- Injuncted domains transferable to TM owner on usual charges: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(vii).

- No promotion/optimization services by search engines/DNRs to infringing domains: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(viii).

- All DNRs in India to appoint local Grievance Officers within one month, publish contacts: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(ix).

- Email service on Grievance Officer sufficient; insistence on MLAT/other modes deems non-compliant: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(x).

- Courts may direct MeitY/DoT to block non-compliant DNRs/services under IT Act s.69A for public order: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Paras 277(A)(xi), (B)(c).

- Registries to implement Trademark Clearinghouse for all brands: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xii).

- DNRs in India to verify registrant details via e-KYC per CERT-In circular, periodically: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiii).

- DNRs under NIXI to provide registration data monthly: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(A)(xiv).

- Government to consult on NIXI-like framework, nominate nodal data repository, enable TMCH, publish well-known marks/websites list: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(B), (xvi).

- Dynamic+ injunction applies to exact marks, prefix/suffix/alphanumeric variations; legitimate registrants may seek court order: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(C)(xvii).

- Banks to mandatorily implement Beneficiary Name Lookup per RBI circular and abide by CEIB SOP for LEAs: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. v. Kumar Prahlad & Anr., CS(COMM) 297/2019 (High Court of Delhi, December 24, 2025), Para 277(D).

Case Title: Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Kumar Prahlad & Anr.  

Order date: 24th December, 2025  

Case Number: CS (COMM) 297/2019  

Neutral Citation: N/A  

Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi  

Name of Judge: Justice Prathiba M. Singh  

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]  

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Zino Davidoff S.A Vs Ala Mode Ecommerce

Zino Davidoff S.A., a Swiss company founded in 1984 owning registered trademarks 'DAVIDOFF', 'DAVIDOFF COOL WATER', 'COOL WATER', 'HOT WATER' and distinctive trade dresses for perfumes with global sales including India since 1997, discovered in 2025 that defendant Ala Mode Ecommerce LLP was operating website antibrnd.in selling cheaper imitation perfumes under deceptively similar marks 'COOL WATER PARFUM', 'HOT WATER PARFUM' and near-identical trade dresses to mislead consumers by associating with plaintiff's products; filed commercial suit for injunction against infringement, passing off, copyright violation, damages; court granted procedural exemptions from filing legible documents, pre-institution mediation due to urgency citing Yamini Manohar v. T.K.D. Krithi, extension for court fees, permission for additional documents; registered plaint as suit, issued summons with 30-day written statement deadline and admission/denial affidavits; on ex-parte interim application, found plaintiff's long use established goodwill, defendants' adoption dishonest creating confusion/deception for identical goods, prima facie case with irreparable harm and balance favoring plaintiff; granted ad-interim injunction restraining defendants from using impugned marks/dresses, directed domain registrar to disclose subscriber info in sealed cover, compliance under Order XXXIX Rule 3 CPC, listed for further proceedings.

• Exemption from mandatory pre-institution mediation under Section 12A of Commercial Courts Act, 2015, permissible where suit contemplates urgent interim relief: Zino Davidoff S.A vs Ala Mode Ecommerce Llp & Anr, Para 4.
• Ex-parte ad-interim injunction under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 CPC granted upon prima facie dishonest adoption of deceptively similar marks and trade dresses for identical goods causing confusion and irreparable harm to goodwill: Zino Davidoff S.A vs Ala Mode Ecommerce Llp & Anr, Para 22-24.

Case Title: Zino Davidoff S.A Vs Ala Mode Ecommerce Llp :22.12.2025:CS(COMM) 1397/2025: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd Vs Shimla Drugs Health Care Private Limited

Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd and another, long-time manufacturers of the renowned liver tonic "Liv.52" since 1955 with valid and subsisting trademark registrations including word mark from 1957 claiming use since 1955, distinctive green-white-orange packaging, immense reputation, goodwill, huge turnover and advertisement spend, discovered in October 2025 that Shimla Drugs Health Care Private Limited and another were selling a deceptively similar product under the mark "Liv.72" with nearly identical overall visual appearance, colour scheme, trade dress and packaging, leading to likelihood of confusion and deception in the pharmaceutical market. Plaintiffs filed suit for infringement of trademark/trade dress/copyright and passing off, seeking interim relief; despite service including via email, defendants failed to appear. Court found strong prima facie case of deceptive similarity and calculated adoption to mislead consumers, bad faith evident from rejected trademark application for "Liv.72" on proposed use basis yet continued sales, overwhelming similarities in mark, colour combination and product presentation amounting to infringement and misrepresentation, balance of convenience and irreparable injury favouring plaintiffs given nature of medicinal goods. Interim injunction granted in terms of prayers (a) to (c) of notice of motion restraining defendants from using "Liv.72" or similar marks/packaging, with liberty to defendants to apply for vacation/variation/modification, matter listed on 07 January 2026 with direction for fresh service and affidavit thereof.

• Deceptively similar marks like "Liv.52" and "Liv.72" with identical colour scheme (green, white, orange) and overall visual appearance on similar medicinal products constitute prima facie infringement and passing off warranting ex-parte interim injunction due to likelihood of confusion and deception: Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd And Anr vs Shimla Drugs Health Care Private Limited And Anr, Para (implicit from comparison and reasoning section).
• Bad faith adoption evidenced by filing and rejection of trademark application on proposed use basis followed by continued market sales justifies strong prima facie case for interim relief in pharmaceutical goods: Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd And Anr vs Shimla Drugs Health Care Private Limited And Anr, Para (implicit from rejection and continued sale finding).

Case Title: Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd Vs Shimla Drugs Health Care Private Limited:IP-COM/53/2025: High Court at Calcutta Hon'ble Justice Ravi Krishan Kapur

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Chryscapital Advisors Llp Vs Raj Lal Kumari

Chryscapital Advisors LLP, a financial advisory firm part of ChrysCapital group since 1999 with registered trademarks CHRYSCAPITAL and formative marks, filed suit for injunction against infringement and passing off after discovering in 2024 that defendants 1-13 were running fraudulent investment schemes via WhatsApp groups and website www.rn.chryscapital.com using plaintiff's marks, executives' names/photos to dupe public into fake investments; amended plaint added defendants 20-22 for similar fraud via www.cc-securities.com, with proforma defendants WhatsApp, Airtel, banks, DoT, MeitY, UOI for disclosure/blocking. Ex-parte ad-interim injunction granted 29.05.2024 blocking numbers/accounts/websites, extended to new defendants 29.07.2024; infringing defendants unserved or non-appearing, written statement rights closed; suit earlier decreed against some defendants 29.10.2025. Court found fraudulent use deceptive, exploiting goodwill with no contest, deeming plaint admitted under Order VIII Rule 10 CPC without trial; permanent block on numbers unnecessary as finite resource without proprietary claim, one-year block sufficient as cooling/disincentive with no reallocation to same KYC. Suit decreed with permanent injunction restraining infringing defendants from using marks; directions to WhatsApp/Airtel for one-year block on specified accounts/numbers; other reliefs not pressed, suit disposed.

• In uncontested infringement suits where defendants fail to file written statements, court may decree permanent injunction under Order VIII Rule 10 CPC relying on verified plaint without requiring ex-parte evidence: Chryscapital Advisors Llp vs Ms Raj Lal Kumari & Ors, Para 18.
• Mobile numbers being finite resources without proprietary rights, permanent blocking not warranted to curb fraud; one-year deactivation sufficient as cooling period with direction against reallocation to same KYC holder: Chryscapital Advisors Llp vs Ms Raj Lal Kumari & Ors, Para 23.

Case Title: Chryscapital Advisors Llp Vs Raj Lal Kumari:19.12.2025:CS(COMM) 475/2024: Hon'ble Ms. Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Inter Ikea Systems Bv Vs Jin Hua Zhang

Inter Ikea Systems BV, owner of the globally renowned IKEA trademarks registered in India since 2007 with worldwide sales of 44.6 billion Euros in 2022, filed a suit for permanent injunction against infringement and passing off after discovering in 2023 that defendants Jin Hua Zhang and AT were operating phishing websites misusing the IKEA mark to falsely advertise and sell identical home furnishing products, leading to deception as evidenced by plaintiff's undelivered test order; domain registrars NameSilo LLC and Namecheap Inc., along with DoT and MeitY, were impleaded as proforma defendants. Ex-parte ad-interim injunction was granted on 01.06.2023; infringing defendants, served in 2023-2024, failed to file written statements, leading to closure of their right on 01.08.2024. At final hearing, plaintiff pressed only for injunction; court found unauthorized use caused deception, irreparable harm to goodwill, and with no contest, deemed plaint averments admitted, decreeing permanent injunction under Order VIII Rule 10 CPC while deleting proforma defendants and disposing other reliefs as not pressed.

• Failure to file written statement deems plaint averments admitted, enabling decree under Order VIII Rule 10 CPC without ex-parte evidence: Inter Ikea Systems Bv vs Jin Hua Zhang And Others, Para 29.
• Unauthorized use of registered trademark on identical goods via phishing websites constitutes infringement and passing off, warranting permanent injunction due to likelihood of confusion and harm to goodwill: Inter Ikea Systems Bv vs Jin Hua Zhang And Others, Para 25.

Case Title: Inter Ikea Systems Bv Vs Jin Hua Zhang : 19.12.2025:CS(COMM) 390/2023:Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Capital Foods Private Limited Vs Spice Nest Impex Private Limited

Capital Foods Private Limited, a leading food enterprise and associate of TATA Group pioneering 'Desi Chinese' cuisine, adopted and registered the trademark 'SCHEZWAN CHUTNEY' in 2012 for sauces with copyright in trade dress, achieving secondary significance per prior court order, significant sales of Rs. 18,677 lakhs and promotion expenses of Rs. 1,599.96 lakhs in FY 2024-25; discovered in May 2025 that defendant Spice Nest Impex was manufacturing and selling identical products under the same mark via websites and e-commerce, sent cease notices met with refusal claiming descriptiveness; filed commercial suit for infringement, passing off, seeking injunction. Court granted procedural reliefs including extension for court fee, exemption from pre-institution mediation due to urgency, filing dim documents and additional documents; registered plaint as suit, issued summons with 30-day WS deadline; on ex-parte IA hearing, found prima facie triple identity in mark, goods, channels causing confusion, irreparable harm to plaintiff, balance of convenience favoring it; granted ad-interim injunction restraining defendant from using 'SCHEZWAN CHUTNEY' or similar marks, but permitted 'SCHEZWAN SAUCE' per plaintiff's concession, with notice and compliance under Order XXXIX Rule 3 CPC, listing for further dates.

• Prior registered trademark with acquired secondary significance warrants ex-parte ad-interim injunction against identical impugned mark on identical goods due to triple identity and likelihood of confusion: Capital Foods Private Limited vs Spice Nest Impex Private Limited, Para 29.
• Exemption from mandatory pre-institution mediation under Section 12A of Commercial Courts Act, 2015, permissible in suits seeking urgent interim relief as per Yamini Manohar v. T.K.D. Keerthi: Capital Foods Private Limited vs Spice Nest Impex Private Limited, Para 5.
• Plaintiff entitled to protection against passing off where defendant's adoption lacks plausible explanation other than riding on goodwill: Capital Foods Private Limited vs Spice Nest Impex Private Limited, Para 24.2.

Case Title: Capital Foods Private Limited Vs Spice Nest Impex Private Limited:18.12.2025:CS(COMM) 1358/2025: Hon'ble Ms. Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Salman Khan Vs Ashok Kumar

Salman Khan, a renowned actor with over three decades of career establishing immense goodwill and celebrity status, filed a commercial suit against John Does and various defendants including online platforms and sellers for misappropriation of his personality/publicity rights, trademark and copyright infringement, performer's rights violation, and passing off through unauthorized sale of merchandise featuring his name, image, voice, likeness, and spreading fake news; procedural steps included granting exemptions from filing clear/original documents and pre-institution mediation due to urgency, registering the suit, issuing summons to identified infringing defendants while treating platforms as proforma defendants for compliance without summons. The court, perusing the plaint and documents, held prima facie that Salman Khan's personality traits are protectable under common law as per precedents like DM Entertainment, Anil Kapoor, and Jackie Shroff cases, finding unauthorized commercial exploitation causes irreparable harm with balance of convenience favoring him. Ex-parte ad-interim injunction granted restraining infringing defendants from using his attributes, with directions to proforma defendants to remove/suspend/block specified URLs/domains/accounts within 72 hours, listing for further proceedings.

• Celebrities acquire proprietary rights over personality attributes like name, image, voice, and likeness through goodwill, entitling injunction against unauthorized commercial exploitation: Salman Khan vs Ashok Kumar/John Doe & Ors., Para 34.
• Unauthorized use of celebrity personality for merchandise or fake news dissemination violates publicity rights, warranting ex-parte interim relief upon prima facie case of irreparable harm: Salman Khan vs Ashok Kumar/John Doe & Ors., Para 35.
• Online platforms as proforma defendants may be directed to remove infringing content without adversarial summons, subject to future issuance if position turns hostile: Salman Khan vs Ashok Kumar/John Doe & Ors., Para 23.
• Exemption from pre-institution mediation under Section 12A Commercial Courts Act permissible for suits seeking urgent interim relief: Salman Khan vs Ashok Kumar/John Doe & Ors., Para 12.

Case Title: Salman Khan Vs Ashok Kumar:11.12.2025:CS(COMM) 1322/2025:Hon'ble Ms. Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Zydus Healthcare Ltd. Vs Assistant Controller of Patents

Zydus Healthcare Ltd, a pharmaceutical company, challenged the Controller's order granting Patent No. 426553 to Respondent No. 2 for an application filed in 2012 titled 'Compositions and Methods for Treating Centrally Mediated Nausea and Vomiting', which underwent three amendments to claims, reducing from 51 to a final set after voluntary changes and responses to FER and hearings.

Petitioner filed pre-grant opposition in 2021 alleging broadening of claims violating Sections 57 and 59, lack of hearing opportunity at second hearing violating natural justice, but Controller rejected opposition and granted patent after separate examination hearing to applicant only.

The court, relying on Novartis AG v. Union of India, held that pre-grant opposition and patent examination are distinct processes with no right for opponent to participate or be heard in examination phase, voluntary pre-FER amendments need no separate order and can be addressed in FER, no jurisdictional error or natural justice violation occurred as opposition hearing was provided and documents uploaded publicly, merits review impermissible in writ absent manifest error, and Delhi High Court lacks territorial jurisdiction since Patent Office is in Mumbai. Writ petition dismissed.

• Pre-grant opposition and patent examination are separate proceedings; opponent has no right to hearing or participation in the examination process: Para 60(e).
• Voluntary amendments to patent claims before issuance of First Examination Report require no separate determination order and may be considered in the FER: Para 60(c).
• High Court lacks territorial jurisdiction over writ petition challenging patent grant if relevant Patent Office is not located within its jurisdiction: Para 60(a).
• Review on merits involving disputed facts not permissible in writ jurisdiction under Article 226 absent jurisdictional error by Controller: Para 60(d).
• High Court may exercise extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 despite alternative remedies if manifest jurisdictional error found: Para 60(b).

Case Title: Zydus Healthcare Ltd. Vs Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs:24.12.2025:W.P.(C)-IPD 23/2023:2025:DHC:11932:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Rajvaidya Shital Prasad Vs Karna Goomar

Introduction: In the evolving landscape of intellectual property law in India, the case of Rajvaidya Shital Prasad and Sons versus Karna Goomar and Another stands as a significant precedent underscoring the paramount importance of prior use, goodwill, and the prevention of deceptive similarity in trademark disputes. Delivered by the Delhi High Court, this judgment addresses a rectification petition filed under Section 57 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, seeking the cancellation, removal, or rectification of the registered trademark 'ACTIVEPUSHPA' held by the respondent. The petitioner, a long-established entity in the ayurvedic medicine sector, argued that the impugned mark infringed upon their well-known trademark 'HEMPUSHPA', which has been in continuous use for over nine decades. 

The court ruled in favor of the petitioner, emphasizing how extensive historical usage and acquired reputation can trump subsequent registrations that appear to capitalize on established goodwill. This decision not only reinforces the protective mechanisms of the Trade Marks Act but also highlights the judiciary's role in maintaining the purity of the trademark register by eliminating marks that could lead to consumer confusion and unfair trade practices. At its core, the case illustrates the delicate balance between innovation in branding and the safeguarding of legacy marks in competitive markets like pharmaceuticals and ayurvedic products, where phonetic and structural similarities can easily mislead the average consumer.

Factual Background:  The petitioner, Rajvaidya Shital Prasad and Sons, has been deeply entrenched in the business of manufacturing and marketing medical preparations, including ayurvedic syrups and tonics, for generations. They claim proprietorship over the trademark 'HEMPUSHPA' in Class 05, which encompasses pharmaceutical and ayurvedic preparations. The origins of this mark trace back to the late 1920s or early 1930s, with documented use commencing as early as June 1, 1933. 

Initially, the petitioner applied for registration of 'HEMPUSHPA' as a word mark under Application No. 362381, claiming usage from January 1, 1938, and it was successfully registered on February 28, 1983, with renewal extending up to May 30, 2028. During ongoing business operations, older records surfaced, prompting a fresh application (No. 4054631) in 2019 to register it as a label mark, reflecting the earlier 1933 usage, though this application remains pending. 

Over the years, 'HEMPUSHPA' has been continuously and exclusively used without interruption, building substantial trade value and becoming synonymous with high-quality ayurvedic tonics specifically targeted at women's health. The mark's distinctiveness stems from long-term, extensive promotion, including endorsements by Bollywood celebrities, positioning it as the leading ayurvedic tonic for women in India. This has led to secondary meaning acquisition, rendering it a well-known trademark under the Act, with associated goodwill and reputation that the petitioner asserts is protected under both statutory and common law, including copyright over the label design. 

On the other side, the respondent, Karna Goomar, operates in a similar domain, dealing in ayurvedic medicines. They adopted the mark 'ACTIVEPUSHPA' for identical or allied goods in Class 05, applying for registration on February 4, 2013, claiming use since January 1, 1992, and securing registration (No. 2471490) on December 14, 2016. Additionally, the respondent pursued registrations for 'KUDOS ACTIVE PUSHPA LABEL' under applications Nos. 3998498 and 4024987, which the petitioner opposed. The petitioner contends that the respondent's adoption was dishonest, as 'ACTIVEPUSHPA' is phonetically, visually, and structurally deceptively similar to 'HEMPUSHPA', particularly with the shared prominent element 'PUSHPA', which is arbitrary in the context of ayurvedic products. This similarity, coupled with identical trade channels and consumer bases, is alleged to inevitably cause market confusion, deception, and passing off, allowing the respondent to unfairly benefit from the petitioner's established reputation.

Procedural Background: The procedural journey of this dispute began with the petitioner filing a rectification petition before the Delhi High Court under Section 57 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, invoking multiple provisions including Sections 9, 11, 12, 18, 34, 47, and 125 to challenge the validity of the respondent's 'ACTIVEPUSHPA' registration. Aggrieved by what they perceived as fraudulent adoption and registration that infringed upon their prior rights, the petitioner detailed their historical use and registration, highlighting the respondent's later entry into the market. 

Petitioner insisted on deceptive similarity, bad faith adoption, and violations of trademark principles. They cited numerous precedents to bolster their case, emphasizing phonetic similarity, the dominance of 'PUSHPA' as a key feature, and the lack of distinctiveness in the impugned mark. The respondents, defended countered by asserting honest adoption of 'ACTIVEPUSHPA' under their house mark 'KUDOS', claiming it was a coined term combining 'ACTIVE' (denoting liveliness) and 'PUSHPA' (Sanskrit for flower, symbolically linked to women). 

They argued for holistic comparison of marks, pointing to industry practices where 'PUSHPA' variations are common, and invoked Sections 15 and 17 of the Act to deny exclusivity over 'PUSHPA' since it wasn't separately registered by the petitioner. Evidence of third-party uses of 'PUSHPA'-containing marks was submitted to argue commonality. The court proceedings involved detailed submissions from both sides, with no apparent interim orders mentioned, leading directly to the final judgment after considering affidavits, documents, and legal citations. The petitioner also referenced their oppositions to the respondent's additional applications, underscoring ongoing conflicts, while the respondents highlighted their investments in promotion to establish goodwill.

Reasoning and Decision of Court:The Delhi High Court's reasoning in this case was rooted in a comprehensive analysis of trademark law principles, prioritizing the petitioner's prior adoption, continuous use, and accrued goodwill over the respondent's subsequent registration. Justice Tejas Karia meticulously dissected the competing marks, noting that both 'HEMPUSHPA' and 'ACTIVEPUSHPA' are word marks in Class 05 for similar ayurvedic products, with the petitioner's mark enjoying precedence in registration (from 1983) and use (from 1933). 

The court found the impugned mark deceptively similar, satisfying the triple identity test—identical goods, similar marks, and same trade channels—leading to inevitable confusion. Phonetic similarity was particularly emphasized, drawing from precedents like K.R. Chinna Krishna Chettiar v. Shri Ambal & Co., where 'AMBAL' and 'ANDAL' were deemed confusingly alike; here, the shared suffix 'PUSHPA' was deemed the dominant, essential feature, arbitrary and non-descriptive in the ayurvedic context, not merely laudatory or common as argued by the respondent. The court rejected the respondent's claim of honest concurrent use under Section 12, citing evident bad faith: the respondent's awareness of the petitioner's reputation, lack of plausible explanation for adopting a similar mark, and failure to conduct prior searches indicated an intent to pass off and encash on established goodwill. 

Evidence showed the respondent's actual use was minimal or non-existent prior to 1992, contradicting their claims and violating Section 47 for non-use. Under Section 11, the registration was deemed contrary to the Act, as it conflicted with a well-known mark, and Section 9 was invoked for lack of distinctiveness. The court dismissed arguments on commonality of 'PUSHPA', requiring substantial third-party evidence which was insufficient, and applied anti-dissection rules from cases like Parle Products v. J.P. and Co., viewing marks holistically rather than side-by-side. 

Broader considerations included potential future business expansions and the need to protect against dilution, as in Laxmikant V. Patel v. Chetan Bhai Shah. Ultimately, the court decided to allow the petition, directing the Registrar of Trade Marks to cancel, remove, or rectify 'ACTIVEPUSHPA' from the register, affirming the petitioner's statutory and common law rights to prevent infringement and maintain market purity.

Point of Law Settled in the Case: This judgment solidifies several key principles in Indian trademark jurisprudence, particularly that extensive, continuous use spanning over 90 years can establish a mark as well-known, granting it superior protection against deceptively similar subsequent marks under Sections 9 and 11 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, even if the common element like 'PUSHPA' is argued to be generic or common to trade without substantial evidence of widespread third-party usage. 

It reiterates that bad faith adoption, evidenced by lack of search reports, implausible explanations, and intent to ride on another's goodwill, cannot be cured by any amount of subsequent use, as per precedents like Hindustan Pencils v. India Stationary Products, and mandates cancellation under Section 47 for proven non-use or frivolous registration. The case clarifies that phonetic similarity alone, especially in dominant features, suffices for deceptive similarity and passing off, applying the test from K.R. Chinna Krishna Chettiar, while holistic comparison trumps dissection, rejecting claims of honest concurrent use under Section 12 absent honesty in adoption. 

Furthermore, it establishes that prior registration and use confer both statutory and common law rights to seek rectification under Sections 18, 34, 57, and 125, emphasizing the judiciary's role in purifying the register to prevent consumer confusion in allied goods markets.

Case Detail: Rajvaidya Shital Prasad and Sons Vs Karna Goomar and Anr.
Date of Order: 24.12.2025 

Case Number: C.O. (COMM.IPD-TM) 385/2021 

Neutral Citation: 2025:DHC:11881 

Name of Court: High Court of Delhi  

Name of Hon'ble Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

Disclaimer: Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi

creamline Dairy Products Ltd. Vs. RK Ganapathi Chettiar

Creamline Dairy Products Ltd. filed a suit against RK Ganapathi Chettiar and Arihant Marketings for copyright infringement and passing off related to the sale of ghee, after discovering the alleged infringement in November 2024, with the suit instituted in late February 2025 without prior cease and desist notice or mediation. 

The first defendant applied to reject the plaint for non-compliance with Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, which mandates pre-institution mediation unless urgent interim relief is contemplated, arguing the suit lacked urgency and distinguishing the Supreme Court's Novenco judgment on facts involving prior party relations and communications. 

The plaintiff countered that Novenco supports viewing IP infringement suits as involving continuing acts, thus inherently contemplating urgency. The court, referencing Yamini Manohar and Novenco, examined the plaint from the plaintiff's perspective, considering the nature of IP actions and public interest, and found no basis to deem the interim relief prayer as camouflage to evade mediation given the suit's filing within four months of discovery, ultimately dismissing the rejection application without costs.

Law Point:

In suits for infringement of intellectual property rights, which involve continuing acts of alleged infringement, it cannot be concluded that the suit does not contemplate urgent interim relief :Para 3.

The question of whether a suit contemplates urgent interim relief, exempting it from mandatory pre-institution mediation under Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, should be decided by the court from the plaintiff's perspective : Para 4-5.

Case Title: Creamline Dairy Products Ltd. Vs. RK Ganapathi Chettiar:08.12.2025: C.S(Comm.Div)No.108 of 2025 : Madras HC:Honourable Mr. Justice Senthilkumar Ramamoorthy

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation] 

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Sun Pharmaceutical Ind. Ltd. Vs Meghmani Life Sciences

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited filed a commercial IP suit against Meghmani Lifesciences Limited and another for trademark infringement and passing off alleging defendant's mark 'EsiRaft' deceptively similar to plaintiff's registered 'RACIRAFT' both used for identical oral suspension products containing Sodium Alginate Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Carbonate treating heartburn and indigestion with plaintiff adopting mark in January 2022 securing Class 5 registration and achieving sales of 11.85 crores in 2022-2023 and 24.49 crores in 2023-2024 while defendant No1 markets and No2 manufactures the impugned product since July 2024. Procedurally ex-parte ad-interim injunction was granted on 7 April 2025 restraining defendants from using the mark after which defendant sought vacation under Order 39 Rule 4 CPC but the interim application was heard finally with consent reserved on 9 December 2025 and pronounced on 23 December 2025. The court reasoned applying principles of deceptive similarity under Trade Marks Act 1999 including anti-dissection rule holistic comparison visual structural and phonetic assessment that marks are dissimilar with distinct prefixes RACI vs Esi and common descriptive suffix RAFT indicating foam-forming property from sodium alginate providing plausible defense for adoption two-color depiction common to trade not deceptive by itself no dishonest adoption given defendant's cogent explanation for Esi no prima facie case for infringement or passing off under Cadila factors considering dissimilar get-up no confusion likelihood and defendant's prior use without acquiescence. The court vacated the ad-interim relief dismissed the interim application but extended the relief for one week from order upload date.

• In determining deceptive similarity of pharmaceutical trademarks, courts must apply the anti-dissection rule and conduct a holistic visual, structural, and phonetic comparison of marks as a whole, where a common descriptive suffix like 'RAFT' indicating product properties (foam formation from sodium alginate) does not render marks similar if prefixes are distinct [Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited vs Meghmani Lifesciences Limited and Another, Interim Application (L) No.9484 of 2025 in Commercial IP (L) No.353 of 2025, Paras 20, 23].
• Use of a descriptive term such as 'RAFT' for raft-forming antacids constitutes a plausible defense against claims of dishonest adoption, and two-color combinations common to the trade do not by themselves establish deceptive similarity absent overall confusion [Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited vs Meghmani Lifesciences Limited and Another, Interim Application (L) No.9484 of 2025 in Commercial IP (L) No.353 of 2025, Paras 19, 31].
• For passing off actions involving unregistered trademarks, the factors outlined in Cadila Health Care Ltd. vs Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (2001) 5 SCC 73—including nature of marks, resemblance, goods, purchasers, purchase mode, and surrounding circumstances—must be considered with variable weightage based on case facts, and absence of resemblance precludes relief [Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited vs Meghmani Lifesciences Limited and Another, Interim Application (L) No.9484 of 2025 in Commercial IP (L) No.353 of 2025, Para 34].

Case Title: Sun Pharmaceutical Ind. Ltd. Vs Meghmani Life Sciences:23.12.2025:Commercial IP Suit No. .353 of 2025: Bombay HC:Sharmila U. Deshmukh

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Phonographic Performance Limited Vs Trinetra Venture

Phonographic Performance Limited filed commercial IP suits against Trinetra Venture and Ors owning 94 restaurants and Anoor Paripati and Ors for copyright infringement in sound recordings and quia timet action for apprehended future violations claiming ownership and exclusive licensing rights via assignments from music companies entitling it to grant public performance licenses under Section 30 of Copyright Act 1957 supported by cease and desist notices affidavits of unauthorized broadcasting during visits on specific dates and video evidence while defendants contended non-maintainability for failure to implead owners under Section 61 plaintiff not being registered society suppression of facts via non-annexure of agreements incomplete redacted sample deeds and inadequate stamping. The court reasoned following prior Bombay decisions that registration under Section 33(1) is unnecessary for owners or exclusive licensees to sue non-joinder under Section 61 is not fatal given joint cause as owner and licensee and court's discretion unstamped deeds' admissibility arises at evidence stage under Stamp Act Section 34 redacted samples and full deeds on CD/website suffice prima facie unreasonable fees no defense absent Section 31 compulsory license proceedings implying rights admission infringement established by unchallenged affidavit tilting balance favoring plaintiff against continuing loss. The court granted interim injunction restraining defendants from public performance or communication of plaintiff's repertoire without license pending suit disposal.

• An owner or exclusive licensee of copyright in sound recordings is entitled to maintain an infringement action and grant licenses under Section 30 of the Copyright Act, 1957, without registration as a copyright society under Section 33(1) [Phonographic Performance Limited vs Trinetra Venture and Ors., Interim Application (L) No. 36005 of 2025 in Commercial IP Suit No. 668 of 2025, Para 10].
• Non-joinder of the copyright owner under Section 61 does not bar interim relief when the plaintiff sues in dual capacity as owner and exclusive licensee, with the court having discretion to dispense with joinder, and Section 54 includes exclusive licensee within "owner of copyright" for civil remedies under Section 55 [Phonographic Performance Limited vs Trinetra Venture and Ors., Interim Application (L) No. 36005 of 2025 in Commercial IP Suit No. 668 of 2025, Para 12].
• Unstamped assignment deeds do not preclude consideration for ad-interim relief, as their admissibility in evidence under Section 34 of the Stamp Act is determined at the trial stage [Phonographic Performance Limited vs Trinetra Venture and Ors., Interim Application (L) No. 36005 of 2025 in Commercial IP Suit No. 668 of 2025, Para 14].
• Redacted sample agreements annexed to the plaint, with full voluminous deeds provided on compact disk and hosted on the plaintiff's website, are sufficient to establish a prima facie case at the interim stage without requiring physical annexure to avoid burdening court records [Phonographic Performance Limited vs Trinetra Venture and Ors., Interim Application (L) No. 36005 of 2025 in Commercial IP Suit No. 668 of 2025, Para 13].
• Allegations of unreasonable licensing fees or refusal to license do not constitute a defense to copyright infringement unless pursued via compulsory licensing under Section 31, and such plea implies admission of the plaintiff's ownership rights [Phonographic Performance Limited vs Trinetra Venture and Ors., Interim Application (L) No. 36005 of 2025 in Commercial IP Suit No. 668 of 2025, Para 15].

Case Title: Phonographic Performance Limited Vs Trinetra Venture:24.12.2025: Comm IP Suit No. 668 OF 2025:2025:BHC-OS:26530:Bombay HC:Sharmila U. Deshmukh J.

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation] [Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

MEX Switchgears Vs Vikram Suri

MEX Switchgears Pvt Ltd appealed under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act 1999 against the Deputy Registrar's order dated 24.05.2018 deeming their Opposition No. 851850 to respondent Vikram Suri's Application No. 1985391 for registration of "ARMEX" as abandoned under Rule 45(2) of Trade Marks Rules 2017 for failure to file evidence in support or reliance statement within prescribed time after service of counter statement on 22.11.2017 solely via email, with the respondent served but filing no reply and remaining absent throughout proceedings. The court reasoned that Section 143 permits service of documents by leaving at or sending by post to the address for service provided in the application or notice of opposition, interpreting "leaving them at" expansively to include email only if an email ID is voluntarily provided therein as it implies consent to electronic service, but since appellant provided no email ID, email dispatch alone did not constitute valid legal service as parties have discretion to choose service address absent statutory mandate for email, rendering the abandonment order unsustainable for lack of proper service. The court set aside the impugned order without costs, directed appellant to comply with post-service statutory requirements like filing evidence within stipulated time reckoned from judgment date, with failure entailing statutory consequences.

• Service of documents under Section 143 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, must be effected by leaving them at or sending them by post to the address for service stated in the application or notice of opposition; service by email is permissible only if an email ID is provided as part of the address for service, as it conveys consent to such mode [M/S MEX Switchgears Pvt. Ltd. vs Vikram Suri Trading as M/S Armex Auto Industries, C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 69/2022, Paras 7-8].
• Where no email ID is provided in the notice of opposition, sending documents solely by email does not constitute valid service under Section 143, even if sent to the opponent's actual email, as the choice of service address vests with the party and the Registry must adhere strictly to the provided address [M/S MEX Switchgears Pvt. Ltd. vs Vikram Suri Trading as M/S Armex Auto Industries, C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 69/2022, Paras 9-10].
• An order deeming opposition abandoned under Rule 45(2) of Trade Marks Rules, 2017, for non-filing of evidence due to improper service is liable to be set aside, with the opponent directed to comply with evidentiary requirements from the date of the appellate judgment [M/S MEX Switchgears Pvt. Ltd. vs Vikram Suri Trading as M/S Armex Auto Industries, C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 69/2022, Paras 12-15].

Case Title: MEX Switchgears Vs Vikram Suri Order date: 13.10.2023 Case Number: C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 69/2022 Neutral Citation: Not Available Name of court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi Name of Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation] [Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Coffee Board Vs Fulkant Jha

Coffee Board filed a petition under C.O. (COMM.IPD-TM) 391/2022 against Fulkant Jha trading as JFK International and another in a trademark dispute concerning the use and exclusive rights over a logo or mark, with the petitioner relying on certain documents to demonstrate its prior use and policy against individual exporters claiming exclusivity. In the interlocutory application I.A. 8296/2024, the petitioner sought to place additional documents 1 to 9 on record, which the respondent opposed on grounds of irrelevance for documents 1-3, delay for document 4, lack of merit for foreign judgments in documents 5-7, and general contentions for documents 8-9 that were previously exchanged. The court reasoned that relevance objections for documents 1-3 could be addressed at final hearing without prejudicing admissibility, document 4 was essential for adjudicating merits despite delay claims, documents 5-7 as foreign judgments could anyway be cited in arguments rendering opposition meritless, and documents 8-9 could be admitted without prejudice allowing respondent rebuttal. The court decided to take all documents 1-9 on record with respondent's rights and contentions preserved including relevance objections for final arguments, granted respondent four weeks to file rebuttal documents failing which liberty exhausts, disposed of the application, noted original documents seen and returned for final hearing, permitted parties to file amended written submissions one week before next date, and listed the main petition for hearing on 15.04.2026.

• Objections to the relevance of additional documents sought to be placed on record in intellectual property proceedings are to be considered at the stage of final hearing, and taking such documents on record does not constitute an expression on their relevance  Para 4].
• Documents that rebut the respondent's basis for claiming exclusive rights, such as a policy document disallowing individual claims over a logo, deserve to be taken on record to properly adjudicate the merits of the dispute, notwithstanding objections of delay [ Para 5].
• Judgments of foreign courts can be relied upon during oral arguments without the need to formally file them as additional documents, and thus opposition to taking them on record lacks merit , Para 6].
• Documents previously exchanged between parties may be taken on record without prejudice to the respondent's rights and contentions, with liberty granted to the respondent to file rebuttal documents within a specified time frame , Para 7].

Case Title: Coffee Board Vs Fulkant Jha:19.12.2025:C.O. (COMM.IPD-TM) 391/2022: Hon'ble Ms. Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Astellas Institute For Regenerative Medicine Vs The Controller Of Patents

Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine appealed against the Assistant Controller of Patents and Designs' order dated March 23, 2022, rejecting their national phase patent application No. 1547/KOLNP/2010 titled "Improved Methods of Producing RPE Cells and Compositions of RPE Cells," which involves a method for differentiating retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from human pluripotent stem cells like embryonic and induced ones for screening and therapeutic uses, on the ground that it falls under Section 3(b) of the Patents Act, 1970, as potentially contrary to morality and prejudicial to human life due to ethical concerns in deriving stem cells from single blastomeres that may harm embryo implantation and survival.

Procedurally, the application was filed, a First Examination Report issued on May 25, 2017, responses and amended claims submitted, hearings conducted with written arguments, and fresh objections under Section 59(1) addressed before the impugned rejection. The appellant contended the method uses pre-established cell lines without new embryo destruction and sources stem cells solely from umbilical cord or biological waste, but the court reasoned that this claim was not borne out from the pleadings, specifications, or amended claims, which do not limit the stem cell source and treat parthenogenesis as optional, rendering the invention ethically challenging as per evidence cited; the impugned order was found adequately reasoned without infirmity, illegality, or perversity, leading to dismissal of the appeal without costs.

• An invention whose primary or intended use or commercial exploitation is contrary to public order or morality or causes serious prejudice to human, animal, or plant life or health or to the environment is not patentable under Section 3(b) of the Patents Act, 1970 [Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine vs The Controller of Patents and Designs, IPDAID/41/2024, Para 8].
• Arguments raised in appeal must be supported by the pleadings, amended claims, and specifications filed with the patent application; contentions introduced for the first time from the bar, such as limiting stem cell sources to umbilical cord, cannot be entertained if not reflected in the application documents [Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine vs The Controller of Patents and Designs, IPDAID/41/2024, Paras 5, 10].
• Rejection of a patent on ethical grounds under Section 3(b) is justified if the order is reasoned, considers all submissions, and relies on evidence showing the invention's process is ethically challenging and not embryo-saving, such as potential detrimental effects on embryo survival [Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine vs The Controller of Patents and Designs, IPDAID/41/2024, Paras 7, 12].

Case Title: Astellas Institute For Regenerative Medicine Vs The Controller Of Patents:22.12.2025:IPDAID/41/2024:2025-CHC-OS/273:Calcutta HC: Hon'ble Justice Ravi Krishan Kapur

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Baldev Raj Vs. Brothers Tobacco

The petitioner challenged an order dated 09.12.2025 of the District Judge dismissing his application to bring on record two trademark registration certificates obtained in 2018 in a passing off suit filed in 2010, but subsequently limited his challenge to seeking permission to tender these certificates through an additional affidavit of PW-1 without converting the suit into one for infringement.

The respondent consented to the certificates being taken on record while reserving all rights and contending that the suit remains confined to passing off since the registrations post-dated the filing and issues had already been framed. The High Court, accepting the mutual stand of the parties, allowed the petitioner to file the additional affidavit with the certificates within three days but expressly clarified that no claim of infringement could be raised and the suit would proceed only on passing off, while leaving the respondent's objections on merits open, directing expeditious evidence, and noting consent for a short adjournment on costs.

• Subsequent trademark registration obtained after filing of a passing off suit cannot be used to convert the cause of action or relief to infringement, especially when the plaintiff was in possession of the registration certificates before framing of issues and consciously chose not to amend the plaint (Para 7).
• Limited liberty can be granted to place post-filing trademark registration certificates on record in a passing off suit through additional evidence, subject to the condition that it does not alter the nature of the suit from passing off to infringement (Paras 6-7).

Case Title: Baldev Raj Vs. Brothers Tobacco & Ors.:18.12.2025:CM(M)-IPD 49/2025:ge: Hon'ble Ms. Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Zentic Pharmaceutical Vs. Apsara Herbals

M/s Zentic Pharmaceutical filed a commercial suit CS(COMM) 1111/2025 before the Delhi High Court seeking permanent injunction under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, but subsequently moved an application under Order XXIII Rule 1(3)(b) CPC to withdraw the suit with liberty to institute fresh proceedings, stating that an earlier suit CS(COMM) 2865/2024 on the same cause was pending before the District Judge (Commercial Court), South East District, Saket Courts, making the High Court suit incompetent due to lack of pecuniary jurisdiction. The defendant did not oppose the withdrawal. The Delhi High Court allowed the application, permitted withdrawal of the suit without prejudice to rights, and granted liberty to file a fresh suit on the same cause of action.

• Where a commercial trademark infringement suit is filed in the High Court but an identical suit on the same cause is already pending in a competent Commercial Court below the pecuniary jurisdiction threshold, the plaintiff can withdraw the High Court suit under Order XXIII Rule 1(3)(b) CPC with liberty to pursue or file afresh, especially when withdrawal is unopposed (Order paras on application and consent).

Case Title: Zentic Pharmaceutical Vs. Apsara Herbals: November 27, 2025:2025:DHC:11307: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

U.S. Green Building Council Vs. Deming Certification Services Pvt Ltd

U.S. Green Building Council sued Deming Certification Services Pvt Ltd in 2022 alleging trademark infringement, copyright infringement and passing off by the defendant's use of marks including a circular logo with building design, the abbreviation IGBC and content copied from the plaintiff's website in relation to green building certification services. The defendant filed a written statement but thereafter stopped appearing, leading to proceedings ex parte. The plaintiff moved an application under Order VIII Rules 1 and 10 CPC for judgment on admissions and non-traversal. The Delhi High Court found the defendant's written statement evasive without specific denial of plaintiff's assertions of prior adoption, registration, reputation and deceptive similarity, treated key averments as admitted, held infringement, copyright violation and passing off established, decreed the suit with permanent injunction, delivery up and costs of Rs. 5 lakhs.

• Non-specific or evasive denials in a written statement amount to admission under Order VIII Rule 5 CPC, entitling the plaintiff to judgment under Order VIII Rule 10 where the defendant ceases to appear (Paras on admissions and application of Order VIII).
• Use of a deceptively similar logo and abbreviation (IGBC resembling plaintiff's known marks) along with copied website content in identical services (green building certification) constitutes infringement, copyright infringement and passing off (Paras on comparison of marks/content and likelihood of confusion).
• In ex parte proceedings, where written statement contains admissions due to lack of proper denial, the court can pronounce judgment without requiring further evidence from the plaintiff (Paras on procedure under Order VIII Rules 1 & 10).

Case Title: U.S. Green Building Council Vs. Deming Certification Services Pvt Ltd:24.12.2025: CS(COMM) 664/2022:2025:DHC:11865:Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Trident Limited Vs. Controller of Patents

Trident Limited appealed against the Controller's order dated 05.01.2021 refusing patent application No. 1867/DEL/2010 titled “Air Rich Yarn and Fabric and its Method of Manufacturing” on grounds of lack of inventive step under Section 2(1)(ja). The Controller relied on prior arts D1 to D5, held the claims obvious by combining teachings particularly of D1 and D3, and found no technical advancement or unexpected effect demonstrated. The Delhi High Court found the Controller's analysis of inventive step deficient for failing to identify the skilled person's knowledge, not explaining why the combination was obvious, ignoring appellant's evidence of commercial success and technical advantages like superior air retention and softness, and introducing new objections post-hearing without opportunity to respond, set aside the refusal order and remanded the application for fresh consideration within three months.

• The Controller must provide reasoned analysis for lack of inventive step, including identifying the person skilled in the art, the obviousness of combining prior arts, and addressing evidence of technical advance or secondary indicia like commercial success; mere conclusory statements are insufficient (Paras on inventive step assessment).
• New prior arts or grounds of objection cannot be introduced in the final refusal order without prior notice in FER or hearing notice, violating natural justice (Paras on procedural fairness).
• Evidence of commercial success, long-felt need, and comparative data showing unexpected technical effects must be considered in assessing inventive step and cannot be disregarded without reasons (Paras on secondary considerations).

Case Title: Trident Limited Vs. Controller of Patents: August 11, 2025:C.A.(COMM.IPD-PAT) 162/2022:2025:DHC:10343: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Tesla Inc. Vs. Tesla Power

Tesla Inc. filed a suit in 2024 alleging trademark infringement and passing off by Tesla Power India Private Limited and others using marks like ‘TESLA POWER’ and ‘TESLA POWER USA’ for batteries and related products, including domain names, claiming deceptive similarity to its globally renowned ‘TESLA’ mark with transborder reputation spilling over to India. Defendants initially undertook not to enter the EV market or use the mark for EVs, but plaintiff alleged continued misuse and leveraging of its reputation. The Delhi High Court found prima facie triple identity in marks, goods (allied/cognate batteries and power products) and trade channels, dishonest adoption evident from ‘TESLA POWER USA’ suggesting US origin connection, likelihood of confusion including initial interest confusion, and transborder reputation established despite limited direct sales in India, granted interim injunction extending the undertaking to restrain use of the impugned marks for all current goods/services including batteries, inverters, UPS and all advertising until final disposal of the suit.

• Transborder reputation of a foreign trademark spills over to India through global publicity, website traffic from India and international fame, entitling protection even without substantial local sales or registration in relevant classes (Paras on spillover reputation and goodwill).
• Where marks are identical with dominant feature ‘TESLA’, goods allied (batteries/power products cognate to EVs and advanced battery tech), and same trade channels, a case of ‘triple identity’ exists warranting interim injunction for infringement and passing off (Paras on similarity analysis).
• Adoption of ‘TESLA POWER USA’ indicates dishonest intent to mislead consumers into believing association with US-based plaintiff or origin of technology (Paras on dishonest adoption and ‘USA’ suffix).
• Doctrine of initial interest confusion applies in trademark cases, particularly with well-known marks, where initial attraction due to similarity causes irreparable harm even if confusion clarified later (Paras on confusion and prejudice).

Case Title: Tesla Inc. Vs. Tesla Power India Private Limited : November 24, 2025: CS(COMM) 353/2024:2025:DHC:10367: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation] [Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Sunil Jain Vs. Registrar of Trademarks

Sunil Jain appealed against the Registrar's order dated 17.06.2025 allowing registration of Respondent No.2's trademark application No. 6480151 for 'Secure Fencing' in Class 7 despite the appellant's opposition. The appellant and Respondent No.2, being brothers, jointly used the mark 'Secure Fencing' from 2013 pursuant to a family business, and under an oral family settlement in 2019 agreed that the appellant would exclusively own 'Secure Fencing' while Respondent No.2 would own 'Kisaan Jaali and Fencing'. Respondent No.2 surreptitiously obtained registrations for 'Secure Fencing' and in one proceeding admitted the appellant's exclusive rights, yet proceeded with the opposed application. The Delhi High Court found prima facie evidence of the family settlement, Respondent No.2's inconsistent stand, and likelihood of confusion, granted interim injunction restraining Respondent No.2 from using 'Secure Fencing' pending the appeal, and directed expeditious disposal.

• Oral family settlements dividing trademark rights in a family business are enforceable and can form the basis for granting interim relief in trademark opposition appeals where prima facie evidence supports exclusive allocation to one party (Order paras on family settlement and prima facie case).
• Inconsistent admissions by a party in earlier trademark proceedings regarding exclusive ownership of a mark bind them and constitute strong prima facie evidence against subsequent contradictory applications (Order paras on Respondent No.2's admission in TM No. 5350849).
• Where parties are family members with prior joint use and a settlement allocating marks, surreptitious registration attempts by one party justify interim injunction to maintain status quo (Order paras on balance of convenience and irreparable harm).

Case Title: Sunil Jain Vs. Registrar of Trademarks & Anr. Order Date: December 17, 2025 Case Number: C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 60/2025 & I.A. 22422/2025 Neutral Citation: Not available in document Name of Court: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi Name of Judge: Hon'ble Ms. Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation] [Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Vs. Oziel Pharmaceuticals

Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. filed a suit for permanent injunction against Oziel Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. and its director alleging trademark infringement and passing off of its registered marks ‘PEPFIZ’ (registered since 1991) and ‘MINOZ’ (registered since 2003). The plaintiff moved an application for summary judgment under Order XIIIA CPC against Defendant No. 2 (director) on the basis of admissions in the written statement and defendant's non-appearance despite service. The Delhi High Court noted that Defendant No. 2 admitted the plaintiff's prior registrations and use, acknowledged the defendants' adoption of identical marks, and failed to contest the suit, held that no triable issues existed regarding infringement liability of the director jointly with the company, granted summary judgment decreeing the suit against Defendant No. 2 with permanent injunction, nominal damages of Rs. 2 lakhs, and costs.

• In trademark infringement suits, summary judgment under Order XIIIA CPC can be passed against a defendant (including director) based on clear admissions in the written statement regarding plaintiff's prior rights and defendant's use of identical marks, coupled with non-appearance, without requiring trial (Paras on application of Order XIIIA in IP suits).
• Directors can be held jointly liable for infringement committed by the company where admissions establish their involvement or control, and summary decree of injunction and damages can be passed against them (Paras on joint liability and summary procedure).

Case Title: Sun Pharmaceutical Vs. Oziel Pharmaceuticals:December 16, 2025: CS(COMM) 1041/2024:2025:DHC:11923: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation] [Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Street One GmbH Vs. The Registrar of Trade Marks

Street One GmbH appealed against the Registrar's order dated 25.01.2024 dismissing its opposition and allowing registration of the mark “STREET9” in Class 25 applied for by Respondent No.3 on 24.11.2020 with user claim since 01.04.2014. The appellant, proprietor of prior registered marks “STREET ONE/Street One” adopted in 1983 and registered in India since 2003 including in Class 25, opposed on grounds of deceptive similarity under Section 11. The Registrar dismissed the opposition primarily on lack of evidence of reputation and spillover, treating prior use as relevant. The Delhi High Court held that the Registrar misapplied Section 11 by requiring proof of reputation when the appellant relied on prior registrations, as Section 11 read with Section 29 protects registered marks without needing proof of prior use or transborder reputation once similarity and identical goods are established, set aside the impugned order, and remanded the matter for fresh decision on relative grounds under Section 11.

• Where opposition is based on prior registered trademarks for identical goods, Section 11 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 is attracted without requirement of proving reputation or prior use in India; the Registrar cannot dismiss opposition merely for lack of evidence of spillover reputation (Paras examining misapplication of Section 11, relying on principles that Section 11 is alter ego of Section 29).
• Proof of transborder reputation or actual use is not mandatory for invoking Section 11 when relying on prior Indian registrations; the relative grounds of refusal focus on likelihood of confusion due to similarity of marks and goods (Paras on correct application of Section 11).

Case Title: Street One GmbH Vs. The Registrar of Trade Marks :November 28, 2025: C.A.(COMM.IPD-TM) 38/2024:2025:DHC:11169: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tejas Karia

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]

Shri Kirit Bhadiadra Vs. Wings Pharmaceuticals Private Limited

Wings Pharmaceuticals Private Limited sued Kirit Bhadiadra, proprietor of Rapple Healthcare, for trademark infringement and passing off, claiming its registered mark “MEDILICE” (used since 2004 for anti-lice shampoo) was infringed by the defendant's “MEDILICE LICE KILLER” (used for ayurvedic anti-lice hair oil). The Commercial Court decreed the suit on 04.03.2024, granting permanent injunction and awarding Rs. 10 lakhs punitive damages. On appeal, the Delhi High Court Division Bench found the marks deceptively similar with “MEDILICE” as the dominant essential feature, the products allied addressing the same lice issue likely causing confusion, defendant's prior use claim unsupported by credible evidence, and infringement/passing off established; it upheld the injunction but reduced damages to Rs. 3 lakhs considering the circumstances, dismissing the appeal.

• In pharmaceutical/medicinal products for treating the same ailment (head lice), even if one is shampoo and the other hair oil, the goods are allied, and use of an identical dominant mark creates likelihood of confusion warranting injunction for infringement and passing off (Paras examining similarity of goods and marks, relying on established principles in medicinal trademark cases requiring higher scrutiny).
• The dominant and essential feature of the mark is “MEDILICE”; addition of descriptive words like “LICE KILLER” does not distinguish it sufficiently to avoid deception (Paras on anti-dissection rule and phonetic/visual similarity).
• Prior use defence requires robust documentary evidence of continuous commercial use; mere manufacturing licenses or pending applications are insufficient (Paras on evaluation of defendant's evidence).
• Punitive damages in trademark infringement can be awarded but must be proportionate; reduction from Rs. 10 lakhs to Rs. 3 lakhs is appropriate where infringement is established but scale justifies moderation (Paras on damages assessment).

Case Title: Shri Kirit Bhadiadra Vs. Wings Pharmaceuticals Private Limited: December 22, 2025: RFA(COMM) 149/2024:2025:DHC:11709-DB:Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Hari Shankar and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Om Prakash Shukla

[Readers are advised not to treat this as substitute for legal advise as it may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation]

[Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi]